====== Dictionaries and Thesauri ======

===== Dictionaries =====

==== English ====

=== Present-Day English ===

== The Oxford English Dictionary (Online) ==

A large dictionary of Present-Day English on historical principles, based on citations from a large range of written published English. Includes the first known use of every word sense.
Access: Free access from the campus wifi (or via [[https://www.zedat.fu-berlin.de/VPN|VPN]] connection)
Link: http://www.oed.com/

For historical/diachronic linguistics, the timelines and advanced search functions are especially helpful. It allows you to filter the entire OED for words first attested in a given span of time, borrowed from a specific language or family of languages and/or belonging to specific semantic fields.
{{:resources:oedtimelines.png?400|}}

== Merriam Webster's ==

The oldest dictionary of American English, based on citations from a large range of published written English. Includes information about etymology, but is not built on historical principles.
Access: Free
Link: https://www.merriam-webster.com/

=== Earlier Stages of English ===

== Bosworth-Toller ==

Online version "created by the labour and valour of many, maintained by Ondrej Tichý at Charles University in Prague"

http://www.bosworthtoller.com/

== Clark Hall and the Germanic Lexicon Project ==

Clark Hall is another dictionary of Old English, hosted by the Germanic Lexicon Project.
[[http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/oe_clarkhall_about.html|CH]]
[[http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/|Germanic Lexicon Project]]

The Germanic Lexicon Project by Sean Crist also hosts a range of other resources for the study of Germanic languages whose copyright has expired, e.g. **Cleasby & Vigfusson's Dictionary of Old Norse Icelandic**.

== Pokorny's master etyma (if for some reason you need to know the PIE root) ==
{{::nebula.png?100|}}

[[https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/lex/master|Pokorny's PIE master etyma]]

==== German ====

== Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache ==

Access: Free
Link: https://www.dwds.de/

== Duden ==

Access: Free
Link: https://www.duden.de/

== Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm ==

Access: Free
Link: http://woerterbuchnetz.de/cgi-bin/WBNetz/wbgui_py?sigle=DWB

The Wörterbuchnetz (Trier Center for Digital Humanities, Universität Trier 2008) also contains, among other dictionaries, the **digital Lexer** (//Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch//), a dictionary of vulgar Latin and several German dialectal dictionaries. The full list is here: [[http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/cgi-bin/WBNetz/setupStartSeite.tcl|WBNetz]]
===== Thesauri =====

==== English ====
== HTE, the Historical Thesaurus of English ==

Especially useful for (historical) synonym studies. Allows you to create wonderful timeline visualizations like this one:

{{::explainandsynonyms.png?400|}}

With links to the OED.

[[https://ht.ac.uk/|HTE]]

==== German ====