====== Tagsets: CLAWS 7 (COCA/COHA)====== 

The CLAWS 7 tagset as used in the Corpus of Historical American English (COCA) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) contains two additions and several systamtic errors to the standard CLAWS 7 tagset. In addition, all tags except for one are in lowercase! For the standard CLAWS 7 tagset, see the page [[corpora:tagset-claws7|CLAWS 7 tagset]].

^ Tag ^ Description ^
| appge | possessive pronoun, pre-nominal (//my//, //your//, //his//, //her//, //its//, //our//, //their//) |
| at | article (e.g. //the//, //no//) |
| at1 | singular article (e.g. //a//, //an//, //every//) |
| bcl | before-clause marker (e.g. //in order (that)//, //in order (to)//; see comment about "ditto tags" at the end of the list!) |
| cc | coordinating conjunction (e.g. //and//, //or//) |
| ccb | adversative coordinating conjunction (//but//) |
| cs | subordinating conjunction (e.g. //if//, //because//, //unless//, //so//, //for//) |
| csa | //as// (when used as conjunction) |
| csn | //than// (when used as a conjunction) |
| cst | //that// (when used as a conjunction) |
| csw | //whether// (when used as a conjunction) |
| da | after-determiner or post-determiner capable of pronominal function (e.g. //such//, //former//, //same//) |
| da1 | singular after-determiner (e.g. //little//, //much//) |
| da2 | plural after-determiner (e.g. //few//, //several//, //many//) |
| dar | comparative after-determiner (e.g. //more//, //less//, //fewer//) |
| dat | superlative after-determiner (e.g. //most//, //least//, //fewest//) |
| db | before determiner or pre-determiner capable of pronominal function (//all//, //half//) |
| db2 | plural before-determiner (//both//) |
| dd | determiner (capable of pronominal function) (e.g //any//, //some//) |
| dd1 | singular determiner (e.g. //this//, //that//, //another//) |
| dd2 | plural determiner (//these//, //those//) |
| ddq | wh-determiner (//which//, //what//) |
| ddqge | wh-determiner, genitive (//whose//) |
| ddqv | wh-ever determiner (//whichever//, //whatever//) |
| ex | existential there |
| fo | formula |
| fu | unclassified word |
| fw | foreign word (e.g. //de//, //la//, //aqua//, //chakra//) |
| ge | germanic genitive marker - (' or'//s//) |
| if | //for// (when used as a preposition) |
| ii | general preposition (all prepositions except //for//, //of//, //with//, //without//) |
| io | //of// (when used as a preposition) |
| iw | //with//, //without// (when used as a prepositions) |
| jj | general adjective (e.g. //good//, //nice//, //lovely//, //different//) |
| jjr | general comparative adjective (e.g. //better//, //nicer//) |
| jjt | general superlative adjective (e.g. //best//, //nicest//) |
| jk | catenative adjective (//able// in //be able to//, //willing// in //be willing to//) |
| mc | cardinal number, neutral for number (//two//, //three//, //sixteen//, ...) |
| mc1 | singular cardinal number (//one//) |
| mc2 | plural cardinal number (e.g. //sixes//, //sevens//, //twenties//) |
| mcge | genitive cardinal number, neutral for number (//two's//, //100's//) [**Note:** this does not occur in COCA/COHA, presumably because the sequence //'s// has been erroneously split from the stem and misanalyzed as a form of the verb //be// or a possessive]|
| mcmc | hyphenated number (//5-10//, //1914-1918//) |
| md | ordinal number (e.g. //first//, //second//, //next//, //last//) |
| mf | fraction, neutral for number (e.g. //quarters//, two-//thirds//) |
| nd1 | singular noun of direction (e.g. //north//, //southwest//) |
| nn | common noun, neutral for number (e.g. //people//, //staff//, //tuna//, //aircraft//, //series//, //ethics//) |
| nn1 | singular common noun (e.g. //horse//, //girl//, //love//, //democracy//) |
| nn2 | plural common noun (e.g. //horses//, //girls//, //democracies//) |
| nna | following noun of title (e.g. //M.A.//) |
| nnb | preceding noun of title (e.g. //Mrs.//, //Prof.//) |
| nnl1 | singular locative noun (e.g. //Lake//, //Street//, //Hill//) |
| nnl2 | plural locative noun (e.g. //Lakes//, //Streets//, //Hills//) |
| nno | numeral noun, neutral for number (e.g. //dozen//, //hundred//) |
| nno2 | numeral noun, plural (e.g. //hundreds//, //thousands//) |
| nnt1 | temporal noun, singular (e.g. //day//, //week//, //year//) |
| nnt2 | temporal noun, plural (e.g. //days//, //weeks//, //years//) |
| nnu | unit of measurement, neutral for number (e.g. //mm//, //sec//) |
| nnu1 | singular unit of measurement (e.g. //millimetre//, //second//) |
| nnu2 | plural unit of measurement (e.g. //ins.//, //feet//) |
| np | proper noun, neutral for number (e.g. //Philippines//, //Mercedes//) |
| np1 | singular proper noun (e.g. //Europe//, //BBC//, //Sarah//) |
| np2 | plural proper noun (e.g. //Himalayas//, //Beatles//, //Tudors//) |
| npd1 | singular weekday noun (e.g. //Friday//) |
| npd2 | plural weekday noun (e.g. //Fridays//) |
| npm1 | singular month noun (e.g. //September//) |
| npm2 | plural month noun (e.g. //Septembers//) |
| OM | general tag for omitted words (not part of CLAWS7) |
| pn | indefinite pronoun, neutral for number (//none//) |
| pn1 | indefinite pronoun, singular (e.g. //anyone//, //everything//, //nobody//, //one//) |
| pnqo | objective wh-pronoun (//whom//) |
| pnqs | subjective wh-pronoun (//who//) |
| pnqv | wh-ever pronoun (//whoever//) |
| pnx1 | reflexive indefinite pronoun (//oneself//) |
| ppge | nominal possessive personal pronoun (e.g. //mine//, //yours//) |
| pph1 | 3rd person sing. neuter personal pronoun (//it//) |
| ppho1 | 3rd person sing. objective personal pronoun (//him//, //her//) |
| ppho2 | 3rd person plural objective personal pronoun (//them//) |
| pphs1 | 3rd person sing. subjective personal pronoun (//he//, //she//) |
| pphs2 | 3rd person plural subjective personal pronoun (//they//) |
| ppio1 | 1st person sing. objective personal pronoun (//me//) |
| ppio2 | 1st person plural objective personal pronoun (//us//) |
| ppis1 | 1st person sing. subjective personal pronoun (//I//) |
| ppis2 | 1st person plural subjective personal pronoun (//we//) |
| ppx1 | singular reflexive personal pronoun (e.g. //yourself//, //itself//) |
| ppx2 | plural reflexive personal pronoun (e.g. //yourselves//, //themselves//) |
| ppy | 2nd person personal pronoun (//you//) |
| ra | adverb, after nominal head (e.g. //ago//, //am//, //pm//) |
| rex | adverb introducing appositional constructions (//namely//, //i.e.//) |
| rg | degree adverb (//very//, //so//, //too//) |
| rgq | wh- degree adverb (//how//) |
| rgqv | wh-ever degree adverb (//however//) |
| rgr | comparative degree adverb (//more//, //less//) |
| rgt | superlative degree adverb (//most//, //least//) |
| rl | locative adverb (e.g. //somewhere//, //forward//, //upstairs//) |
| rp | prep. adverb, particle (e.g //up//, //out//, //back//) |
| rpk | prep. adv., catenative (e.g. //about// in //be about to//) |
| rr | general adverb (e.g. //just//, //actually//, //always//) |
| rrq | wh- general adverb (//where//, //when//, //why//, //how//) |
| rrqv | wh-ever general adverb (//wherever//, //whenever//) |
| rrr | comparative general adverb (e.g. //more//, //better//, //earlier//) |
| rrt | superlative general adverb (e.g. //most//, //best//, //earliest//) |
| rt | quasi-nominal adverb of time (e.g. //now//, //tomorrow//) |
| to | infinitive marker (//to//) |
| uh | interjection (e.g. //oh//, //yes//, //um//) |
| vb0 | //be//, base form (finite i.e. imperative, subjunctive) |
| vbdr | //were// |
| vbdz | //was// |
| vbg | //being// |
| vbi | //be//, infinitive (e.g. in //I'll be wrapped around your finger//, //to be honest//) |
| vbm | //am// |
| vbn | //been// |
| vbr | //are// |
| vbz | //is// |
| vd0 | //do//, base form (finite) |
| vdd | //did// |
| vdg | //doing// |
| vdi | //do//, infinitive (e.g. in //I could do...//, //To do...//) |
| vdn | //done// |
| vdz | //does// |
| vh0 | //have//, base form (finite) |
| vhd | //had// (past tense) |
| vhg | //having// |
| vhi | //have//, infinitive |
| vhn | //had// (past participle) |
| vhz | //has// |
| vm | modal auxiliary (//can//, //will//, //would//, etc.) |
| vmk | modal catenative (//ought//, //used//) |
| vv0 | base form of lexical verb (e.g. //say//, //love//) |
| vvd | past tense of lexical verb (e.g. //said//, //loved//) |
| vvg | -ing participle of lexical verb (e.g. //saying//, //loving//) |
| vvgk | -ing participle catenative (//going// in //be going to//) |
| vvi | infinitive (e.g. //to say...//, //I will always love you...//) |
| vvn | past participle of lexical verb (e.g. //given//, //worked//) |
| vvnk | past participle catenative (e.g. //bound// in //be bound to//) |
| vvz | -//s// form of lexical verb (e.g. //says//, //loves//) |
| xx | //not//, //n't// |
| y	| major punctuation marks, specifically //: , . " : ( ) ? ; !// (not part of CLAWS 7) |
| zz1 | singular letter of the alphabet (e.g. //A//, //b//) |
| zz2 | plural letter of the alphabet (e.g. //A's//, //b's//) |
| zzc, zzq | speaker labels in transcripts of spoken language (not part of CLAWS 7) |

**Errors (COCA)**

In the COCA, there are tags where the last character is missing, so that they will not be found in a standard query:

^ Tag ^ Correct Tag ^ Comment ^
| a | at | occurs only with //ze// as a representation of //the// in a foreign accent |
| c | cs | occurs only with //cept// as a clipped variant of //except// |
| d | dd1 | occurs only with //an-other// as a variant of //another// |
| f | fw | occurs only with //de//, //las//, //dos// |
| j | jj | occurs with 657 types with 35663 tokens |
| m | mc | occurs with 188 types with 391150 tokens |
| m1 | mc1 | occurs with 145 types with 63588 tokens |
| n | nn, nn1, nn2 | occurs with 15 types with 1588 tokens |
| npx | np, np1, np2 | occurs with 243 types with 65782 tokens |
| null | | occurs with tokenization errors where the token was too long for the parser and with xml entities (approx. 1200 types with 58897 tokens |
| p | ppho2 | occurs with some cases of //them// and //what-all// |
| ./. | ppy | occurs with some cases of //y'all// |
| vd | vdn | occurs with //don// as a clipped form of //done// (1763 tokens) |
| x |  | occurs with various symbols, xml entities, tokenization errors, ... (approx. 5900 types with 895086 tokens) |
| xxy | xx | occurs with tokenization errors involving the word //no// (11 types with 186 tokens) |
| zz | zz1 | occurs with various symbols, abbreviations, tokenization errors (approx. 1200 types with 596697 tokens) |

**Ditto Tags**

The CLAWS 7 tagset uses so-called “ditto” tags for certain sequences of tokens that are analyzed as belonging to a single lexical unit. For example, //in terms of// is analyzed as a preposition (in CLAWS 5, by comparison, it is analyzed as a sequence of a preposition, a noun and another preposition).

In such cases, all words are given the same tag (in the case of //in terms of// the tag ''in'' for //preposition//) followed by two digits: the first one specifying the length of the sequence, the second one specifying the position of the element in the sequence, for example

	in/ii31 terms/ii32 of/ii33
	at_rr21 length_rr22
	a_dd21 lot_dd22

This is unfortunate, as it forces analytical decisions on us that are not at all uncontroversial, but we have to live with it!