David Kinsella
School of International Service
164 Sports Center Annex
Phone: 885-2460 · e-mail: kinsell@american.edu
Office Hours: Monday 1:00-3:00 & Thursday 6:00-8:00
 

Description

This course is survey of contemporary international relations theory. We examine concepts, theoretical traditions, and debates in IR broadly defined: international security, foreign policy, and international political economy. While much of the overview offered here pertains to IR as a subfield of political science -- commensurate with your instructor's training -- virtually all of the theoretical frameworks we consider have been influenced by one or more of the other social sciences (e.g., economics, sociology, psychology), and some by the humanities as well (e.g., philosophy, historiography, literature).

Theoretical perspectives are grouped into four broad categories. State-centric theories are those that attempt to explain some dimension of state behavior, interests, or identity. Non-state-centric theories are concerned with international phenomena which transcend the sovereign state -- community, class, ethics. Theories of foreign policy examine the decision-making environment within the state. The fourth category consists of perspectives which, along with critical theory, fundamentally challenge not only the core assumptions of mainstream IR theory, but also the field's ontological and epistemological foundations.
 

Reading Materials

Each session is organized around a different theoretical perspective, as opposed to a substantive topic. Some perspectives tend to focus attention on a fairly narrow set of international practices or institutions -- whether conflict, cooperation, integration, development, etc. -- while others seem to apply to a wider variety of substantive issues. Readings include items that are representative of a particular theoretical framework as well as critiques of that framework. The former consist of original statements (including some "classics"), restatements and revisions, applications, and literature reviews.

No textbooks or course packets have been made available for purchase due to the excessive costs involved. Instead, master copies of all assigned readings will be available for duplication during the first week of the semester. With a little cooperation, it should be possible for everyone to have a complete set of readings for the course prior to our second meeting.

Students desiring a basic overview of IR theory might wish to consult Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi (1993), International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, second edition (Macmillan). James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (1997) provide a more comprehensive survey in their Contending Theories of International Relations, fourth edition (Longman). Fairly sophisticated introductory discussions of the main theoretical traditions, including recent challenges to the mainstream, can be found in Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, et al. (1996), Theories of International Relations (St. Martin's). For a historical overview of the field, see Torbjörn L. Knutsen (1992), A History of International Relations Theory (Manchester University Press), especially part 3.
 

Requirements and Evaluation

Class sessions will be conducted largely in seminar format, so class discussion is central to the success of the course. Each week, in addition to doing the assigned readings, a few students will be asked to provide brief commentaries on one of the recommended readings. Each student should expect to have two such assignments during the semester, and these will figure into the class participation portion of the final course grade (25%). Students are also required to submit a 5-6 page critical review essay on one of the first three broad categories of IR theory -- i.e., state-centric theory, non-state-centric theory, or theories of foreign policy (25% of the course grade). These are due within one week of the end of that section. Lastly, there will be a cumulative take-home final exam, to be distributed on 30 April (our final meeting) and due on 7 May (50% of the final grade).
 

Course Calendar

I. State-Centric Theory

29 Jan: Classical Realism
5 Feb: Neorealism
12 Feb: Neoliberalism
19 Feb: Constructivism

II. Non-State-Centric Theory

26 Feb: Theories of Integration
5 Mar: Marxian and Critical Theory
12 Mar: Normative Theory

III. Theories of Foreign Policy

26 Mar: Organizational Theories
2 Apr: Psychological Theories
9 Apr: Theories of Domestic Politics and Culture
16 Apr: Rational Choice

IV. Recent Challenges to Mainstream Theory

23 Apr: Postmodernism
30 Apr: Feminism
 

I. STATE-CENTRIC THEORY

Classical Realism

Assigned

• E.H. Carr (1939). The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939. Chapters 3-8.
• Hans J. Morgenthau (1954-). Politics Among Nations, second edition (and later). Chapters 1-3, 11-12.

 

• Reinhold Niebuhr (1932). Moral Man and Immoral Society.
• Reinhold Niebuhr (1950). "A Protest Against a Dilemma's Two Horns." World Politics 2: 338-345.
• Walter Lippmann (1943). U.S. Foreign Policy.
• Hans J. Morgenthau (1946). Scientific Man vs. Power Politics.
• Hans J. Morgenthau (1951). In Defense of the National Interest.
• Martin Wight (1946). Power Politics.
• George F. Kennan (1950). American Diplomacy, 1900-1950.
• George F. Kennan (1966). Realities of American Foreign Policy.
• John H. Herz (1942). "Power Politics and World Organization." American Political Science Review 36: 1039-1052.
• John H. Herz (1951). Political Realism and Political Idealism.
• John H. Herz (1957). "The Rise and Demise of the Territorial State." World Politics 9 473-493.
• Charles E. Osgood (1953). Ideals and Self-Interest in America's Foreign Relations.
• F.S. Dunn (1949). "The Scope of International Relations." World Politics 1: 142-147.
• Arnold Wolfers (1951). "The Pole of Power and the Pole of Indifference." World Politics 4: 39-63.
• Arnold Wolfers (1959). "The Actors in World Politics." In William T.R. Fox, ed., Theoretical Aspects of International Relations.
• Arnold Wolfers (1962). Discord and Collaboration.
• Inis L. Claude, Jr. (1962). Power and International Relations.
• Inis L. Claude, Jr. (1971). Swords Into Plowshares.
• Henry Kissinger (1957). Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.
• Henry Kissinger (1964). A World Restored.
• Quincy Wright (1965). A Study of War.
• Raymond Aron (1959). On War.
• Raymond Aron (1966). Peace and War.
• Klaus Knorr (1966). On the Uses of Military Power.
• Klaus Knorr (1975). The Power of Nations.
• Kenneth W. Thompson (1958). "The Limits of Principle in International Politics: Necessity and the New Balance of Power." Journal of Politics 20: 437-467.
• Lloyd E. Ambrosius (1987). Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition.
• Greg Russell (1990). Hans J. Morgenthau and the Ethics of American Statecraft.
• Michael Joseph Smith (1986). Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger.
• Robert L. Rothstein (1972). "On the Costs of Realism." Political Science Quarterly 87: 347-362.
• Mark Heller (1980). "The Use and Abuse of Hobbes: The State of Nature in International Relations." Polity 13: 21-32.
• Hedley Bull (1981). "Hobbes and the International Anarchy." Social Research 48: 717-738.
• R.J. Vincent (1981). "The Hobbesian Tradition in Twentieth Century International Thought." Millennium 10: 91-101.
• Michael Doyle (1990). "Thucydidean Realism." Review of International Studies 16: 223-238.
• Laurie M. Johnson Bagby (1994). "The Use and Abuse of Thucydides in International Relations." International Organization 48: 131-153.
• Robert Gilpin (1984). "The Richness of the Tradition of Political Realism." International Organization 38: 287-304.
• Robert Gilpin (1996). "No One Loves a Political Realist." Security Studies 5: 3-26.
• William Wohlforth (1994/95). "Realism and the End of the Cold War." International Security 19: 91-129.
• Michael Mastanduno (1997). "Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and U.S. Grand Strategy after the Cold War." International Security 21: 49-88.
• Alan James (1989). "The Realism of Realism: The State and the Study of International Relations." Review of International Studies 15: 215-229.
• Alan James (1992). "The Equality of States: Contemporary Manifestations of an Ancient Doctrine." Review of International Studies 18: 377-391.
• Justin Rosenberg (1990). "What's the Matter with Realism?" Review of International Studies 16: 285-303.
• Martin Griffiths (1992). "Order and International Society: The Real Realism?" Review of International Studies 18: 217-240.
• Martin Griffiths (1992). Realism, Idealism, and International Politics.
• Roger D. Spegele (1995). "Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism." Review of International Studies 21: 211-236.

 

Neorealism

Assigned

• Kenneth N. Waltz (1979). Theory of International Politics. Chapters 1, 4-6.
• Robert Gilpin (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Chapter 1.
• Stephen D. Krasner (1976). "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." World Politics 28: 317-347.
• Friedrich Kratochwil (1993). "The Embarrassment of Changes: Neo-realism as the Science of Realpolitik Without Politics." Review of International Studies 19: 63-80.

• Kenneth N. Waltz (1959). Man, the State, and War.
• Kenneth N. Waltz (1990). "Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory." Journal of International Affairs 44: 21-37.
• Morton A. Kaplan (1957). System and Process in International Politics.
• Richard Rosecrance (1962). Action and Reaction in World Politics.
• Richard Rosecrance (1986). The Rise of the Trading State.
• Stephen Walt (1987). The Origin of Alliances.
• A.F.K. Organski (1968). World Politics.
• A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler (1980). The War Ledger.
• George Modelski (1978). "The Long Cycle of Global Politics and the Nation-State." Comparative Studies in Society and History 20: 214-238.
• William R. Thompson (1988). On Global War.
• Joshua S. Goldstein (1988). Long Cycles.
• David A. Baldwin (1979). "Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends versus Old Tendencies." World Politics 31: 161-194.
• Christopher Layne (1993). "The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers will Rise." International Security 17: 5-51.
• Robert Gilpin (1975). U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation.
• Robert Gilpin (1986). The Political Economy of International Relations.
• Charles P. Kindleberger (1973). The World in Depression, 1929-1939.
• Charles P. Kindleberger (1981). "Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides." International Studies Quarterly 25: 242-254.
• Stephen D. Krasner (1978). Defending the National Interest.
• Stephen D. Krasner (1985). Structural Conflict.
• Joanne Gowa (1993). Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade.
• Edward Mansfield (19). Power, Trade, and War.
• David A. Lake (1993). "Leadership, Hegemony, and the International Economy." International Studies Quarterly 37: 459-489.
• Joseph M. Grieco (1988). "Realist Theory and the Problem of International Cooperation: Analysis with an Amended Prisoner's Dilemma Model." Journal of Politics 50: 600-624.
• Joseph M. Grieco (1990). Cooperation Among Nations.
• Thomas R. Cusack and Richard J. Stoll (1990). Exploring Realpolitik.
• Frank W. Wayman and Paul F. Diehl, eds. (1994). Reconstructing Realpolitik.
• John Mearsheimer (1990). "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War." International Security 15: 5-56.
• John A. Vasquez (1983). The Power of Power Politics.
• John A. Vasquez (1997). "The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition." American Political Science Review 91: 899-912
• John Gerard Ruggie (1986). "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis." World Politics 35: 261-285.
• Robert O. Keohane (1983). "Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond." In Ada Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline, pp. 503-540.
• Robert O. Keohane (1986). "Realism, Neorealism, and the Study of World Politics." In Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics.
• Barry Buzan (1984). "Peace, Power, and Security: Contending Concepts in the Study of International Relations." Journal of Peace Research 21: 109-125.
• Barry Buzan, Charles Jones, and Richard Little (1993). The Logic of Anarchy.
• Charles L. Glaser (1994/1995). "Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-help." International Security 19: 50-90.
• Stanley Hoffmann (1987). Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics.
• Stephan Haggard (1991). "Structuralism and Its Critics: Recent Progress in International Relations Theory." In Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, eds., Progress in Postwar International Relations.
• Richard Ashley (1981). "Political Realism and Human Interests." International Studies Quarterly 87: 347-362.
• Richard Ashley (1984). "The Poverty of Neorealism." International Organization 38: 225-261.
• Richard Ashley (1992). "Three Modes of Economism." International Studies Quarterly 27: 463-497.
• R.B.J. Walker (1987). "Realism, Change, and International Political Theory." International Studies Quarterly 31: 65-86.
• Paul Schroeder (1994). "Historical Reality and Neorealist Theory." International Security 19: 5-49.
• John Barkdull (1995). "Waltz, Durkheim, and International Relations: The International System as an Abnormal Form." American Political Science Review 89: 669-680.
• Daniel Garst (1989). "Thucydides and Neo-Realism." International Studies Quarterly 33: 3-28.

 
 

Assigned

• Hedley Bull (1977). The Anarchical Society. Chapters 1-3.
• Robert O. Keohane and Joseph N. Nye (1977). Power and Interdependence. Chapters 1-3.
• Oran Young (1989). International Cooperation. Chapter 3.
• Robert Powell (1994). "Anarchy in International Relations Theory: The Neorealist-Neoliberal Debate." International Organization 48: 313-344.

 

• Robert Jervis (1978). "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma." World Politics 30: 167-214.
• Louis Henkin (1979). How Nations Behave.
• Robert O. Keohane (1984). After Hegemony.
• Robert O. Keohane (1986). "Reciprocity in International Relations." International Organization 40: 1-27.
• Robert O. Keohane (1989). International Institutions and State Power.
• Robert Axelrod and Robert O. Keohane (1985). "Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions." World Politics 38: 226-254.
• Robert Axelrod (1986). "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms." American Political Science Review 80: 1095-1111.
• Kenneth Oye (1985). "Explaining Cooperation Under Anarchy: Hypotheses and Strategies." World Politics 38:1-24.
• Oran R. Young (1986). "International Regimes: Toward a New Theory of Institutions." World Politics 39: 104-122.
• Oran R. Young (1992). "The Effectiveness of International Institutions: Hard Cases and Critical Variables." In Rosenau and Czempiel, Governance without Government.
• Oran R. Young (1994). International Governance.
• Peter Haas (1990). Saving the Mediterranean.
• Arthur Stein (1982). "Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World." International Organization 36: 294-324.
• Arthur Stein (1990). Why Nations Cooperate.
• Ernst Haas (1990). When Knowledge is Power.
• Friedrich Kratochwil and John Gerard Ruggie (1986). "International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State." International Organization 40: 753-775.
• John Gerard Ruggie (1992). "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of An Institution." International Organization 46: 561-598.
• Robert H. Jackson (1990). Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World.
• Lisa L. Martin (1993). "Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions." World Politics 45: 406-432.
• K.J. Holsti (1992). "Governance Without Government: Polyarchy in Nineteenth-century European International Politics." In Rosenau and Czempiel, Governance without Government.
• Mark W. Zacher (1992). "The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple: Implications for International Order and Governance." In James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government.
• Stephan Haggard and Beth Simmons (1987). "Theories of International Regimes." International Organization 41: 491-517.
• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (1988). "Neorealism and Neoliberalism." World Politics 40: 235-251.
• George Modelski (1990). "Is World Politics Evolutionary Learning?" International Organization 44: 1-24.
• Helen Milner (1991). "The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory: A Critique." Review of International Studies 17: 67-85.
• Helen Milner (1992). "International Theories of Cooperation Among Nations: Strengths and Weaknesses." World Politics 44: 466-496.
• Joanne Gowa (1986). "Anarchy, Egoism, and Third Images: The Evolution of Cooperation and International Relations." International Organization 40: 167-186.
• Duncan Snidal (1985). "Coordination versus Prisoners' Dilemma: Implications for International Cooperation and Regimes." American Political Science Review 79: 923-942.
• Ole Waever (1992). "International Society: Theoretical Promises Unfulfilled?" Cooperation and Conflict 27: 97-128.
• Joseph M. Grieco (1988). "Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism." International Organization 42: 485-507.
• Stephen D. Krasner (1991). "Global Communications and National Power: Life on the Pareto Frontier." World Politics 43: 336-366.
• John J. Mearsheimer (1994/95). "The False Promise of International Institutions." International Security 19: 5-49.
• Susan Strange (1982). "Cave! Hic Dragones: A Critique of Regime Analysis." International Organization 36.
• Michael Mastanduno (1991). "Do Relative Gains Matter? America's Response to Japanese Industrial Policy." International Security 16: 73-113.
• Duncan Snidal (1991). "Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation." American Political Science Review 85: 701-726.
• Robert Powell (1991). "Absolute and Relative Gains in International Relations Theory." American Political Science Review 85: 1303-1320.
• Joseph Grieco; Duncan Snidal; Robert Powell (1993). "The Relative Gains Problem for International Cooperation" (Controversies). American Political Science Review 87: 729-743.
• Emerson M.S. Niou and Peter C. Ordeshook (1994). "Less Filling, Tastes Great: The Realist-Neoliberal Debate." World Politics 46: 209-234.

 
 

Assigned

• Alexander Wendt (1992). "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics." International Organization 46: 391-425.
• Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein (1996). "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security." In Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security, pp. 37-75.
• Martha Finnemore (1996). National Interests in International Society. Chapter 1.
• Mark C. Suchman and Dana P. Eyre (1992). "Military Procurement as Rational Myth: Notes on the Social Construction of Weapons Proliferation." Sociological Forum 7: 137-161.

 

• Adam Watson (1990). "Systems of States." Review of International Studies 16: 99-109.
• Adam Watson (1992). The Evolution of International Society.
• Ronnie D. Lipschutz (1992). "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society." Millennium 21: 389-420.
• Friedrich V. Kratochwil (1986). "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the State System." World Politics 39: 27-52.
• Friedrich V. Kratochwil (1988). "Regimes, Interpretation and the 'Science' of Politics: A Reappraisal." Millennium 17: 263-284.
• Friedrich V. Kratochwil (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions.
• Nicholas G. Onuf (1989). "Sovereignty: Outline of a Conceptual History." Alternatives 16: 425-446.
• Nicholas G. Onuf and Frank Klink (1989). "Anarchy, Authority, Rule." International Studies Quarterly 33: 149-173.
• Nicholas G. Onuf (1989). World of Our Making.
• Iver Neumann and Jennifer Welsh (1991). "The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society." Review of International Studies 17: 327-348.
• Iver Neumann (1993). "Russia as Central Europe's Constituting Other." East European Politics and Societies 349-369.
• Alexander Wendt (1987). "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory." International Organization 41: 335-370.
• Alexander Wendt (1994). "Collective Identity Formation and the International State." American Political Science Review 88: 384-396.
• Alexander Wendt and Daniel Friedheim (1995). "Hierarchy Under Anarchy: Informal Empire and the East German State." International Organization 49: 689-722.
• Alexander Wendt and Michael Barnett (1993). "Dependent State Formation and Third World Militarization." Review of International Studies 19: 321-347.
• Michael Barnett (1993). "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System. International Studies Quarterly 37: 271-296.
• Robert G. Herman (1996). "Identity, Norms, and National Security: The Soviet Foreign Policy Revolution and the End of the Cold War." In Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of national Security.
• Thomas U. Berger (1996). "Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan." In Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of national Security.
• John Gerard Ruggie (1992). "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations." International Organization 46: 391-425.
• Markus Fischer (1992). "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices." International Organization 46: 427-466.
• Timothy Dunne (1995). "The Social Construction of International Society." European Journal of International Relations 1: 367-389.
• Barry Buzan (1993). "From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School." International Organization 47: 327-352.
• Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury, and Adam Roberts, eds. (1990). Hugo Grotius and International Relations.
• Fed Halliday (1992). "International Society as Homogeneity: Burke, Marx, Fukuyama." Millennium 21: 435-462.
• Anthony Giddens (1984). The Constitution of Society.
• Martha Finnemore (1996). "Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism." International Organization 50: 325-347.
• John W. Meyer (1980). "The World Polity and the Authority of the Nation State." In Albert Bergesen, ed., Studies in the Modern World-System.
• John W. Meyer and Michael T. Hanna, eds. (1979). National Development and the World System.
• George M. Thomas, John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John Boli, eds. (1987). Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual.
• John W. Meyer and W. Richard Scott, eds. (1992). Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality.
• David Strang and John W. Meyer (1993). "Institutional Conditions for Diffusion." Theory and Society 22: 487-511.
• David Strang (1991). "Anomaly and Commonplace in European Political Expansion: Realist and Institutionalist Accounts." International Organization 45: 143-162.
• Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. (1991). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis.
• Steven Flank (1993/1994). "Exploding the Black Box: The Historical Sociology of Nuclear Proliferation." Security Studies 3: 259-294.
• Scott D. Sagan (1996/1997). "Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb." International Security 21: 54-86.

 
 

Theories of Integration

Assigned

• Karl Deutsch, et al. (1957). Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Chapters 1 and 4.
• Ernst Haas (1964). Beyond the Nation-State. Chapters 1-2.
• Linda Cornett and James A. Caporaso (1992). "'And Still It Moves!' State Interests and Social Forces in the European Community." In James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance Without Government, pp. 219-249.

 

• David Mitrany (1966). A Working Peace System.
• Karl Deutsch (1954). Political Community at the International Level.
• Ernst B. Haas (1958). The Uniting of Europe.
• Ernst B. Haas (1961). "International Integration: The European and the Universal Process." International Organization 15.
• Ernst B. Haas (1964). "Technocracy, Pluralism, and the New Europe." In Stephen R. Graubard, ed., A New Europe?
• Ernst B. Haas (1967). "The Uniting of Europe and the Uniting of Latin America." Journal of Common Market Studies 5.
• Ernst B. Haas (1976). "Turbulent Fields and the Theory of Regional Integration. International Organization 30.
• Ernst B. Haas and Philippe C. Schmitter (1964). "Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration: Projections about Unity in Latin America." International Organization 18.
• Philippe C. Schmitter (1970). "A Revised Theory of Regional Integration." International Organization 24.
• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (1968). "Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement." International Organization 22.
• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (1971). Peace in Parts.
• Amitai Etzioni (1963). "The Epigenesis of Political Community at the International Level." American Journal of Sociology 68: 407-421.
• Amitai Etzioni (1965). Political Unification.
• Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold (1970). Europe's Would-be Polity.
• Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold, eds. (1970). "Regional Integration: Theory and Research," special issue of International Organization.
• R.C. Mowat (1973). Creating the European Community.
• Charles Pentland (1973). International Theory and European Integration.
• Paul Taylor (1968). "The Concept of Community and the European Integration Process." Journal of Common Market Studies 7: 83-101.
• Paul Taylor (1990). "Functionalism: The Approach of David Mitrany." In A.J.R. Groom and Paul Taylor, eds., Framework for International Cooperation.
• Paul Taylor (1991). "The European Community and the State: Assumptions, Theories, and Propositions." Review of International Studies 17: 109-125.
• A.J.R. Groom and Paul Taylor, eds. (1994). Functionalism: Theory and Practice in International Relations, second edition.
• Stephen Genco (1980). "Integration Theory and System Change in Western Europe." In Ole Holsti et al., eds., Change in the International System.
• William Wallace (1983). "Less than a Federation, More than a Regime: The Community as a Political System." In Helen Wallace, William Wallace, and Carole Webb, eds., Policy-Making in the European Community.
• David Mutimer (1989). "1992 and the Political Integration of Europe: Neofunctionalism Reconsidered." Journal of European Integration 13: 75-101.
• John Pinder (1989). "Economic Integration vs. National Sovereignty: Differences between Eastern and Western Europe." Government and Opposition 24.
• Robert Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann (1990). "Conclusions: Community Politics and Institutional Change." In William Wallace, ed., The Dynamics of European Integration.
• Robert Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann (1991). "Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s." In Keohane and Hoffmann, eds., The New European Community.
• David Cameron (1992). "The 1992 Initiative: Causes and Consequences." In Alberta Sbragia, ed., Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policymaking in the "New" European Community.
• William James Adams, ed. (1992). Singular Europe: Economy and Polity of the European Community After 1992.
• Dennis Swann, ed. (1992). The Single European market and Beyond.
• Morten Kelstrup (1990). "The Process of Europeanization." Cooperation and Conflict 25: 21-40.
• Thomas Pedersen (1992). "Political Change in the European Community." Cooperation and Conflict 27: 7-44.
• Wolfram Hanreider (1978). "Dissolving International Politics: Reflections on the Nation-State." American Political Science Review 72: 1276-1287.
• Philip Schlesinger (1991). "No Guide for the Perplexed: Collective Identities in a Changing Europe." In Schlesinger, ed., Media, State, and the Nation.
• Gerald Schneider (1995). "The Limits of Self-reform: Institution-building in the European Union." European Journal of International Relations 1: 59-86.
• Andrew Hurrell (1990). "Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations." Review of International Studies 16: 183-205.

Marxian and Critical Theory

Assigned

• Andre Gunder Frank (1966). "The Development of Underdevelopment." Monthly Review 9: 17-30.
• Immanuel Wallerstein (1974). "The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 16: 387-415.
• Robert Cox (1983). "Gramsci, Hegemony, and International Relations: An Essay in Method." Millennium 12: 162-175.
• Stephen Gill (1993). "Gramsci and Global Politics: Towards a Post-Hegemonic Research Agenda." In Gill, ed., Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations.
• John Maclean (1988). "Marxism and International Relations: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect." Millennium 17: 295-319.

 

• Andre Gunder Frank (1967). Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America.
• Theotino dos Santos (1970). "The Structure of Dependence." American Economic Review 60: 231-236.
• Samir Amin (1971). Unequal Development.
• Samir Amin (1974). Accumulation on a World Scale.
• Arghiri Emmanuel (1972). Unequal Exchange.
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1973). "Associated-Dependent Development: Theoretical and Practical Implications." In Alfred Stepan, ed., Authoritarian Brazil.
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto (1979). Dependency and Development in Latin America.
• Giovanni Arrighi (1978). The Geometry of Imperialism.
• Giovanni Arrighi (1991). "World Income Equalities and the Future of Socialism." New Left Review 189: 39-65.
• Peter Evans (1979). Dependent Development.
• James Caporaso (1978). "Dependency Theory: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development Studies." International Organization 32: 606-628.
• Johan Galtung (1971). "A Structural Theory of Imperialism." Journal of Peace Research 2: 81-94.
• Immanuel Wallerstein (1979). The Capitalist World-Economy.
• Immanuel Wallerstein (1984). The Politics of the Capitalist World-Economy.
• Immanuel Wallerstein (1991). Geopolitics and Geoculture.
• Theda Skocpol (1977). "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique." American Journal of Sociology 82: 1075-1090.
• Theda Skocpol (1979). States and Social Revolutions.
• Perry Anderson (1974). Lineages of the Absolutist State.
• Fred L. Block (1977). The Origins of the International Economic Disorder.
• Christopher Chase-Dunn and Richard Rubinson (1977). "Toward a Structural Perspective on the World-System." Politics and Society 7: 453-476.
• Christopher Chase-Dunn (1981). "Interstate System and Capitalist World Economy: One Logic or Two?" International Studies Quarterly 25: 19-42.
• Christopher Chase-Dunn (1989). Global Formation: Structures of the World Economy.
• Alvin Y. So (1990). Social Change and Development.
• Anthony Brewer (1980). Marxist Theories of Imperialism.
• Jill Hills (1994). "Dependency Theory and its Relevance Today: International Institutions in Telecommunications and Structural Power." Review of International Studies 20: 169-186.
• John Maclean (1981). "Political Theory, International Theory, and the Problem of Ideology." Millennium 10: 102-125.
• Anthony Giddens (1981). A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism.
• Anthony Giddens (1985). The Nation-State and Violence.
• Barry K. Gills (1987). "Historical Materialism and International Relations Theory." Millennium 16: 265-272.
• Fred Halliday (1994). Rethinking International Relations.
• Stephen Gill and David Law (1989). "Global Hegemony and the Structural Power of Capital." International Studies Quarterly 33: 475-499.
• Stephen Gill (1990). American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission.
• Stephen Gill (1991). "Reflections on Global Order and Sociohistoric Time." Alternatives 16: 275-314.
• Enrico Augelli and Craig Murphy (1988). America's Quest for Supremacy in the Third World.
• Robert W. Cox (1982). "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory." Millennium 10: 126-155.
• Robert W. Cox (1987). Production, Power, and World Order.
• Robert W. Cox (1992). "Multilateralism and World Order." Review of International Studies 18: 161-180.
• Andrew Linklater (1986). "Realism, Marxism and Critical International Theory." Review of International Studies 12: 301-312.
• Andrew Linklater (1990). Beyond Realism and Marxism.
• Mark Hoffman (1987). "Critical Theory and the Inter-Paradigm Debate." Millennium 16: 231-249.
• Peter Cocks (1980). "Towards a Marxist Theory of European Integration." International Organization 34: 1-40.
• V. Kubálková and A. Cruickshank (1977). "A Double Omission." British Journal of International Studies 3.
• V. Kubálková and A. Cruickshank (1985). Marxism and International Relations.

 

Normative Theory

Assigned

• Michael Walzer (1977). Just and Unjust Wars. Chapters 1-3, 16-17.
• Chris Brown (1992). International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches. Chapters 5-7.
• R.J. Vincent (1992). "The Idea of Rights in International Ethics." In Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel, eds., Traditions of International Ethics.

 

• Terry Nardin (1983). Law, Morality, and the Relations of States.
• Terry Nardin (1992). "International Ethics and International Law." Review of International Studies 18: 19-30.
• Charles Beitz (1979). Political Theory and International Relations.
• Charles Beitz (1994). "Cosmopolitan Liberalism and the States System." In Chris Brown, ed., Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives.
• Ernst B. Haas (1970). Human Rights and International Action.
• R.J. Vincent (1986). Human Rights and International Relations.
• Johan Galtung (1994). Human Rights in Another Key.
• Gene M. Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, eds. (1995). Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention.
• Robert L. Holmes (1989). On War and Morality.
• Haskell Fain (1987). Normative Politics and the Community of Nations.
• David Halloran Lumsdaine (1993). Moral Vision in International Politics.
• Charles R. Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, and A John Simmons, eds. (1985). International Ethics.
• Joel H. Rosenthal, ed. (1995). Ethics and International Affairs.
• Ralph Pettman, ed. (1979). Moral Claims in World Affairs.
• Robert McElroy (1992). Morality and American Foreign Policy.
• Kenneth W. Thompson (1985). Moralism and Morality in Politics and Diplomacy.
• Kenneth W. Thompson, ed. (1994). Moral Dimensions of American Foreign Policy.
• Steve Smith (1992). "The Forty Years' Detour: The Resurgence of Normative Theory in International Relations." Millennium 21: 489-506.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (1992). "The New Global Order: The Power of Principle in a Pluralistic World." Ethics and International Affairs 6: 21-42.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (1993). "The Neoidealist Moment in International Studies? Realist Myths and the New International Realities." International Studies Quarterly 37: 131-146.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr. and Kenneth L. Schwab, eds. (1991). After the Cold War: Questioning the Morality of Nuclear Deterrence.
• Alain Noël and Jean-Phillipe Thérien (1995). "From Domestic to International Justice: The Welfare State and Foreign Aid." International Organization 49: 523-553.
• Stanley Hauerwas (1992). "On Surviving Justly: Ethics and Nuclear Disarmament." In Jean Bethke Elshtain, ed., Just War Theory.
• Kimberly Hutchings (1992). "The Possibility of Judgement: Moralizing and Theorizing in International Relations." Review of International Studies 18: 51-62.
• Andrew Linklater (1981). "Men and Citizens in International Relations." Review of International Studies 7: 23-37.
• Andrew Linklater (1996). "Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Post-Westphalian State." European Journal of International Relations 2: 77-103.
• Andrew Linklater (1990). "The Problem of Community in International Relations." Alternatives 15: 135-153.
• Hayward R. Alker, Jr. (1992). "The Humanistic Moment in International Studies: Reflections on Machiavelli and las Cases." International Studies Quarterly 36: 347-371.
• Heikki Patomäki (1992). "From Normative Utopias to Political Dialectics: Beyond a Reconstruction of the Brown-Hoffman Debate." Millennium 21: 53-75.

 
 

Organizational Theories

Assigned

• Graham T. Allison (1969). "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis." American Political Science Review 63: 689-718.
• John D. Steinbruner (1974). The Cybernetic Theory of Decision. Chapter 3.
• Glenn H. Snyder and Paul Diesing (1977). Conflict Among Nations. Chapter 5.
• Jonathan Bendor and Thomas H. Hammond (1992). "Rethinking Allison's Models." American Political Science Review 86: 301-322.

 

• Richard C. Snyder, H.W. Bruck, and Burton M. Sapin (1963). Foreign Policy Decision-Making.
• Samuel P. Huntington (1960). "Strategic Planning and the Political Process." Foreign Affairs 38: 285-299.
• W.R. Schilling, P.Y. Hammond, and G.H. Snyder (1962). Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets.
• Richard E. Neustadt (1970). Alliance Politics.
• Graham T. Allison (1971). Essence of Decision.
• Graham T. Allison and Morton H. Halperin (1972). "Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications." World Politics 24: 40-79.
• Morton H. Halperin (1974). Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy.
• Morton H. Halperin and Arnold Kanter, eds. (1973). Readings in American Foreign Policy.
• Stephen D. Krasner (1971). "Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland)." Foreign Policy 7: 159-179.
• Robert J. Art (1973). "Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique." Policy Sciences 4: 467-490.
• Richard K. Betts (1978). "Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures are Inevitable." World Politics 30: 61-89.
• Steve Smith (1980). "Allison and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Review of the Bureaucratic Politics Model of Foreign Policy Decision-making." Millennium 9: 21-40.
• Martin Hollis and Steve Smith (1986). "Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making." British Journal of Political Science 16: 269-286.
• Jack S. Levy (1986). "Organizational Routines and the Process of War." International Studies Quarterly 30: 193-222.
• David C. Kozak (1988). "Bureaucratic Politics: The Evolution of the Paradigm." In Kozak and James M. Keagle, eds., Bureaucratic Politics and National Security.
• David A. Welch (1992). "The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms: Retrospect and Prospects." International Security 17: 112-146.
• Barry Posen (1984). The Sources of Military Doctrine.
• Juri Valenta (1979). "The Bureaucratic Politics Paradigm and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia." Political Science Quarterly 94: 55-76.
• Karen Dawisha (1980). "The Limits of the Bureaucratic Politics Model: Observations on the Soviet Case." Studies in Comparative Communism 12: 300-346.
• Kimberly Marten Zisk (1993). Engaging the Enemy: Organizational Theory and Soviet Military Innovation.
• Roger Hilsman (1987). The Politics of Policy-Making in Defense and Foreign Policy.
• Howard J. Wiarda (1990). Foreign Policy Without Illusion.
• Yaacov Vertzberger (1984). "Bureaucratic-Organizational Politics and Internal Processing in a Developing State." International Studies Quarterly 28: 69-95.
• Bahgat Korany, ed. (1986). How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World.
• Gregory J. Kasza (1987). "Bureaucratic Politics in Radical Military Regimes." American Political Science Review 81: 851-872.

 
 

Assigned

• Robert Jervis (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Chapter 1.
• Lloyd S. Etheredge (1978). A World of Men: The Private Sources of American Foreign Policy. Chapters 1-2.
• Irving L. Janis (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Chapters 1, 8, 10.
• Richard Herrmann (1988). "The Empirical Challenge of the Cognitive Revolution: A Strategy for Drawing Inferences about Perceptions." International Studies Quarterly 32: 175-203.
• Jack S. Levy (1992). "An Introduction to Prospect Theory" and "Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems." Political Psychology 13: 171-186, 283-310.

 

• Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout (1956). Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics.
• Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout (1965). The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs with Special Reference to International Relations.
• Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George (1956). Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House.
• James David Barber (1972). The Presidential Character.
• David G. Winter (1973). The Power Motive.
• Margaret G. Hermann (1974). "Leader Personality and Foreign Policy Behavior." In James N. Rosenau, ed., Comparing Foreign Policies.
• Daniel Levinson (1957). "Authoritarian Personality and Foreign Policy." Journal of Conflict Resolution 1: 37-47.
• Kenneth Boulding (1959). "National Images and International Systems." Journal of Conflict Resolution 3: 120-131.
• Ole R. Holsti (1962). "The Belief System and National Images: A Case Study." Journal of Conflict Resolution 6: 244-252.
• Alexander L. George (1969). "The 'Operational Code': A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-making." International Studies Quarterly 13: 190-222.
• L.K. Johnson (1977). "Operational Codes and the Prediction of Leadership Behavior: Frank Church at Mid-Career." In Margaret G. Hermann, ed., A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders.
• Stephen G. Walker (1977). "The Interface between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger's Operational Code and the Vietnam War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 21: 129-168.
• Stephen G. Walker, ed. (1987). Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis.
• Joseph de Rivera (1968). The Psychological Dimension of Foreign Policy.
• Margaret G. Hermann (1980). "Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders." International Studies Quarterly 24: 7-46.
• Robert Jervis (1970). The Logic of Images in International Relations.
• Martha L. Cottam (1986). Foreign Policy Decision-Making.
• Martha L. Cottam and Chih-Yu Shih, eds. (1992). Contending Dramas: A Cognitive Approach to International Organizations.
• Walter B. Earle and Thomas W. Milburn (1989). "Drama and Rationality in Foreign Policy." Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 19: 229-247.
• Michael Shapiro and G. Matthew Bonham (1973). "Cognitive Process and Foreign Policy Decision-Making." International Studies Quarterly 17: 147-174.
• Jeffrey A. Hart (1977). "Cognitive Maps of Three Latin American Policy Makers." World Politics 30: 115-140.
• Richard Herrmann (1985). Perceptions and Behavior in Soviet Foreign Policy.
• Richard Herrmann (1986). "The Power of Perceptions in Foreign Policy Decision Making: Do Views of the Soviet Union Determine the Policy Choices of American Leaders?" American Journal of Political Science 30: 841-875.
• Douglas W. Blum (1993). "The Soviet Foreign Policy Belief System: Beliefs, Politics, and Foreign Policy Outcomes." International Studies Quarterly 37: 373-394.
• Naomi Wish (1980). "Foreign Policy Makers and Their National Role Conceptions." International Studies Quarterly 24: 532-543.
• Peter Suedfeld and Phillip Tetlock (1977). "Integrative Complexity of Communications in International Crises." Journal of Conflict Resolution 21: 169-184.
• Jack Snyder (1978). "Rationality a the Brink: The Role of Cognitive Processes in Failures of Deterrence." World Politics 30: 344-365.
• Richard Ned Lebow (1981). Between Peace and War.
• Jack S. Levy (1983). "Misperception and the Causes of War." World Politics 35: 76-99.
• Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janice Gross Stein, eds. (1985). Psychology and Deterrence.
• Gregory Harek, Irving Janis, and Paul Huth (1987). "Decision Making During International Crises." Journal of Conflict Resolution 31: 203-226.
• Eric Singer and Valerie M. Hudson, eds. (1992). Political Psychology and Foreign Policy.
• Robert Axelrod (1976). Structure of Decision.
• Richard Cottam (1977). Foreign Policy Motivation.
• Irving L. Janis (1972). Victims of Groupthink.
• Irving L. Janis and Leon Mann (1977). Decision-Making.
• C. McCauley (1989). "The Nature of Social Influence in Groupthink: Compliance and Internalization." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 250-260.
• Paul 't Hart (1990). Groupthink in Government.
• Michael Brecher (1972). The Foreign Policy System of Israel.
• Charles F. Hermann (1972). International Crises: Insights from Behavioral Research.
• Charles F. Hermann (1978). "Decision Structure and Process Influences on Foreign Policy." In Maurice A. East, Stephen A. Salamore, and Charles F. Hermann, eds., Why Nations Act.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (1987). "Decision Regimes and the Comparative Study of Foreign Policy." In Charles F. Hermann, Kegley, and James N. Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy.
• Brian Ripley (1993). "Psychology, Foreign Policy, and International Relations Theory." Political Psychology 14: 403-416.
• Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May (1986). Thinking in Time.
• Yuen Foong Khong (1992). Analogies at War.
• Lloyd Etheredge (1985). Can Governments Learn?
• George W. Breslauer and Phillip E. Tetlock, eds. (1991). Learning in US and Soviet Foreign Policy.
• Deborah W. Larson (1994). "The Role of Belief Systems and Schemas in Foreign Policy Decision Making." Political Psychology 15: 17-34.

 
 

Assigned

• Peter J. Katzenstein (1978). "Introduction: Domestic and International Forces and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy" and "Conclusion: Domestic Structures and Strategies in Foreign Economic Policy," in Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty.
• Michael W. Doyle (1986). "Liberalism and World Politics." American Political Science Review 80: 1151-1170.
• Bruce Russett (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace. Chapters 1-2.
• Robert D. Putnam (1988). "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Games." International Organization 42: 427-460.
• Jack Snyder (1991). Myths of Empire. Chapter 2.

 

• George Kennan [X] (1947). "The Sources of Soviet Conduct." Foreign Affairs 25: 566-582.
• Nathan C. Leites (1951). Operational Code of the Politburo.
• Alexander Dallin (1969). Soviet Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics.
• Jack L. Snyder (1977). The Soviet Strategic Culture.
• D. Hellman (1969). Japanese Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics.
• Richard M. Merelman (1969). "The Development of Political Ideology: A Framework for the Analysis of Political Socialization." American Political Science Review 69: 21-31.
• Kal J. Holsti (1970). "National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy." International Studies Quarterly 14: 233-309.
• Sadako Ogata (1977). "The Business Community and Japanese Foreign Policy." In Robert A. Scalapino, ed., The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan.
• Barry B. Hughes (1978). The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy.
• Ken Booth (1979). Strategy and Ethnocentrism.
• Colin Gray (1981). "National Styles in Strategy: The American Example." International Security 6: 21-47.
• Colin Gray (1986). Nuclear Strategy and National Style.
• Carnes Lord (1985). "American Strategic Culture." Comparative Strategy 5.
• D. Cushman and S. King (1985). "National and Organizational Culture in Conflict Resolution." In William Gudykunst, L. Stewert, and Stella Ting-Toomey, eds., Communication, Culture, and Organizational Process.
• Harrison M. Holland (1984). Managing Diplomacy.
• Joe Hagan (1987). "Regimes, Political Oppositions, and the Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy." In Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy.
• Martin Sampson (1987). "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy." In Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy.
• Michael Mastanduno, David Lake, and John Ikenberry (1989). "Toward a Realist Theory of State Action." International Studies Quarterly 33: 457-474.
• Peter Gourevitch (1978). "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics." International Organization 32: 881-911.
• Michael Barnett (1990). "High Politics is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security Policy." World Politics 42: 529-562.
• Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert D. Putnam (1993). Double-Edged Diplomacy.
• H. Müller and Thomas Risse-Kappen (1993). "From the Outside In and the Inside Out: International Relations, Domestic Politics, and Foreign Policy." In David Skidmore and Valerie M. Hudson, eds., The Limits of State Autonomy.
• Stephen Peter Rosen (1995). "Military Effectiveness: Why Society Matters." International Security 19: 5-31.
• Alastair Iain Johnson (1995). "Thinking About Strategic Culture." International Security 19: 32-64.
• Elizabeth Krier (1995). "Culture and Military Doctrine: France between the Wars." International Security 19: 65-93.
• Fareed Zakaria (1992). "Realism and Domestic Politics." International Security 17: 177-198.
• Ethan B. Kapstein (1995). "Is Realism Dead? The Domestic Sources of International Politics." International Organization 49: 751-774.
• Michael Doyle (1983). "Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs," parts I and II. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12: 205-235, 323-353.
• Steve Chan (1984). "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... Are Freer Countries More Pacific?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 28: 617-648.
• Jack Levy (1988). "Domestic Politics and War." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18: 653-674.
• Zeev Maoz and Abdolai Nasrin (1989). "Regime Types and International Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 33: 3-35.
• David A. Lake (1992). "Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War." American Political Science Review 86: 24-37.
• Randall L. Schweller (1992). "Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are Democracies More Pacific?" World Politics 44: 235-269.
• William J. Dixon (1993). "Democracy and the Management of Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 37: 42-68.
• William J. Dixon (1994). "Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of Conflict." American Political Science Review 88: 14-32.
• John Owen (1994). "How Liberalism Produces the Democratic Peace." International Security 19: 87-125.
• Christopher Layne (1994). "Cant or Kant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace." International Security 19: 5-49.
• David E. Spiro (1994). "The Insignificance of the Democratic Peace." International Security 19: 50-86.
• Bruce Russett; Christopher Layne; David E. Spiro; Michael W. Doyle (1995). "Correspondence: The Democratic Peace." International Security 19: 164-184
• Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder (1995). "Democratization and the Danger of War." International Security 20: 5-38.
• Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder (1995). "Democratization and War." Foreign Affairs 74: 79-97.
• Joanne Gowa (1995). "Democratic States and International Disputes." International Organization 49: 511-522.
• Henry S. Farber and Joanne Gowa (1995). "Polities and Peace." International Security 20: 123-146.
• Miriam Fendius Elman, ed. (1997). Paths to Peace: Is Democracy the Answer?
• Thomas A. Bailey (1948). The Man in the Street.
• Gabriel A. Almond (1950). The American People and Foreign Policy.
• Walter Lippmann (1955). Essays in the Public Philosophy.
• John E. Mueller (1973). War, Presidents, and Public Opinion.
• Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau (1979). "Vietnam, Consensus, and the Belief Systems of American Leaders." World Politics 32: 1-56.
• Ole R. Holsti (1992). "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus." International Studies Quarterly 36: 439-466.
• Robert Y. Shapiro and Benjamin I. Page (1988). "Foreign Policy and the Rational Public." Journal of Conflict Resolution." 32: 211-247.
• Bruce Russett (1990). Controllong the Sword.
• Thomas Risse-Kappen (1991). "Public Opinion, Domestic Structures, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies." World Politics 43: 479-512.

 

Rational Choice

Assigned

• Thomas Schelling (1984). Choice and Consequence. Chapters 10-11.
• George W. Downs (1989). "The Rational Deterrence Debate." World Politics 41: 225-237.
• Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman (1992). War and Reason. Chapters 1-2.
• Duncan Snidal (1985). "The Game Theory of International Politics." World Politics 38: 25-57.

 

• Herbert A. Simon (1955). "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice." Quarterly Journal of Economics 69: 99-118.
• Herbert Simon (1957). Models of Man.
• Thomas Schelling (1960). The Strategy of Conflict.
• Anatol Rapoport (1960). Fights, Games, and Debates.
• Peter C. Ordeshook (1986). Game Theory and Poitical Theory.
• Duncan R. Luce and Howard Raiffa (1957). Games and Decisions.
• Howard Raiffa (1982). The Art and Science of Negotiation.
• Mancur Olson (1965). The Logic of Collective Action.
• Mancur Olson (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations.
• Michael Nicholson (1989). Formal Theories in International Relations.
• Michael Nicholson (1992). Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict.
• Steven J. Brams and D. Marc Kilgour (1988). Game Theory and National Security.
• Glenn H. Snyder (1971). "'Prisoner's Dilemma' and 'Chicken' Models in International Politics." International Studies Quarterly 15: 66-103.
• Malvern Lumsden (1973). "The Cyprus Conflict as a Prisoner's Dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution 17: 7-32.
• Robert Axelrod (1980)."Effective Choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution 24: 3-25.
• Robert Axelrod (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
• Robert Axelrod (1997). The Complexity of Cooperation.
• Robert Jervis (1978). "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma." World Politics 30: 167-214.
• Robert Jervis (1988). "Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation." World Politics 40: 317-349.
• R. Harrison Wagner (1982). "The Theory of Games and the Problem of International Cooperation." American Political Science Review 77:330-346.
• James D. Morrow (1994). "Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution versus Information." International Organization 48: 387-423.
• Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (1981). The War Trap.
• Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (1989). "The Contribution of Expected-Utility Theory to the Study of International Conflict." In Midlarsky, Handbook of War Studies.
• Stephen J. Majeski and David J. Sylvan (1984). "Simple Choices and Complex Calculations: A Critique of The War Trap." Journal of Conflict Resolution 28: 316-340.
• James D. Fearon (1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War." International Organization 49: 379-414.
• James D. Morrow (1988). "Social Choice and System Structure in World Politics." World Politics 41: 75-97
• Emerson M.S. Niou, Peter Ordeshook, and Gregory Rose (1989). The Balance of Power.
• Emerson M.S. Niou and Peter C. Ordeshook (1990). "Stability in Anarchic International Systems." American Political Science Review 84: 1208-1234.
• Steven J. Brams (1985). Superpower Games.
• Christopher H. Achen and Duncan Snidal (1989). "Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies." World Politics 41: 143-169.
• Alexander L. George and Richard Smoke (1989). "Deterrence and Foreign Policy." World Politics 41: 170-182.
• Robert Jervis (1989). "Rational Deterrence: Theory and Evidence." World Politics 41: 183-207.
• Barry O'Neill (1989). "Game Theory and the Study of the Deterrence of War." In Paul C. Stern, Robert Axelrod, Robert Jervis, and Roy Radner, eds., Perspectives on Deterrence.
• Frank C. Zagare (1990). "Rationality and Deterrence." World Politics 42: 238-260.
• Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro (1994). Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory.
• Barry O'Neill (1995). "Weak Models, Nil Hypotheses, and Decorative Statistics: Is There Really No Hope?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 39: 731-748.
• Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser (1966). "An Economic Theory of Alliances." Review of Economics and Statistics 48: 266-279.
• Todd Sandler and Jon Cauley (1975). "On the Economic Theory of Alliances." Journal of Conflict Resolution 19: 330-348.
• James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler (1982). "A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of NATO." Journal of Conflict Resolution 26: 237-263.
• John A.C. Conybeare and Todd Sandler (1990). "The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance 1880-1914: A Collective Goods Approach." American Political Science Review 84: 1197-1206.
• Mark Boyer (1989). "Trading Public Goods in the Western Alliance System." Journal of Conflict Resolution 33: 700-727.
• Wallace J. Thies (1987). "Alliances and Collective Goods: A Reappraisal." Journal of Conflict Resolution 31: 298-332.
• Dwight R. Lee (1988). "Free Riding and Paid Riding in the Fight Against Terrorism." American Economic Review 78: 22-26.
• James D. Morrow (1991). "Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances." American Journal of Political Science 35: 904-933.
• Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout (1965). The Ecological Perspectives on Human Affairs.
• Garrett Hardin (1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons." Science 162: 1243-1248.
• Elinor Ostrom (1990). Governing the Commons.
• Todd Sandler (1992). Collective Action: Theory and Applications.
• Beth V. Yarborough and Robert M. Yarborough (1990). "International Institutions and the New Economics of Organization." International Organization 44: 235-259.
• George W. Downs and David M. Rocke (1995). Optimal Imperfection? Domestic Uncertainty and Institutions in International Relations.
• Gabriel A. Almond (1991). "Rational Choice Theory and the Social Sciences." In Kristen Renwick Monroe, ed., The Economic Approach to Politics.
• Neil Smelser (1992). "The Rational Choice Perspective." Rationality and Society 4: 381-410.
• Herbert A. Simon (1995). "Rationality in Political Behavior." Political Psychology 16: 45-61.

 
 

Postmodernism

Assigned

• Pauline Rosenau (1990). "Once Again into the Fray: International Relations Confronts the Humanities." Millennium 19: 83-110.
• Jim George (1994). Discourses of Global Politics. Chapter 1.
• Richard K. Ashley (1989). "Living on Border Lines: Man, Poststructuralism, and War." In James Der Derian and Michael Shapiro, eds., International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics.
• Arturo Escobar (1984). "Discourse and Power in Development: Michel Foucault and the Relevance of His Work to the Third World." Alternatives 10: 377-400.

 

• Richard K. Ashley (1987). "The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics." Alternatives 12: 403-434.
• Richard K. Ashley (1988). "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique." Millennium 17: 227-262.
• Richard K. Ashley (1996). "The Achievements of Post-structuralism." In Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski, eds., International Theory: Positivism and Beyond.
• Richard K. Ashley and R.B.J. Walker, eds. (1990). "Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissidence in International Studies," special issue of International Studies Quarterly.
• James Der Derian (1987). On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement.
• James Der Derian (1992). Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed and War.
• James Der Derian and Michael Shapiro, eds. (1989). International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Reading of World Politics.
• R.B.J. Walker (1988). One World/Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.
• R.B.J. Walker (1990). "Sovereignty, Identity, Community: Reflections on the Horizons of Contemporary Political Practice." In R.B.J. Walker and Saul H. Mendlovitz, eds., Contending Sovereignties: Redefining Political Community.
• R.B.J. Walker (1991). "State Sovereignty and the Articulation of Political Space/Time." Millennium 20: 445-461.
• R.B.J. Walker (1993). Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory.
• Michael J. Shapiro (1992). Reading the Postmodern Polity: Political Theory as Textual Practice.
• William E. Connolly (1991). "Democracy and Territoriality." Millennium 20: 463-484.
• William E. Connolly (1991). Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox.
• Jim George (1994). Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations.
• Carol Cohn (1987). "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals." Signs 12: 687-718.
• Bradley S. Klein (1988). "After Strategy: The Search for a Post-modern Politics of Peace." Alternatives 13: 293-318.
• Bradley S. Klein (1994). Strategic Studies and World Order.
• Cynthia Weber (1995). Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State and Symbolic Exchange.
• Simon Dalby (1988). "Geopolitical Discourse: The Soviet Union as Other." Alternatives 13: 415-422.
• Simon Dalby (1990). "American Security Discourse: The Persistence of Geopolitics." Political Geography Quarterly 9: 171-188.
• Simon Dalby (1992). "Security, Modernity, Ecology: The Dilemmas of Post-Cold War Security Discourse." Alternatives 17: 95-134.
• David Campbell (1990). "Global Inscription: How Foreign Policy Constitutes the United States." Alternatives 15: 263-286.
• David Campbell (1992). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity.
• David Campbell (1993). Politics Without Principle: Sovereignty, Ethics, and Narratives of the Gulf War.
• Timothy Luke (1991). "The Discipline of Security Studies and the Codes of Containment: Learning from Kuwait." Alternatives 16: 315-344.
• Gearóid Ó Tuathail (1992). "Foreign Policy and the Hyperreal: The Reagan Administration and the Scripting of 'South Africa'." In Trevor J. Barnes and James S. Duncan, eds., Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape.
• Gearóid Ó Tuathail and John Agnew (1992). "Geopolitics and Discourse: Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in American Foreign Policy." Political Geography 11: 190-204.
• Roxanne Lynn Doty (1993). "Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines." International Studies Quarterly 37: 297-320.
• Mark DuBois (1991). "The Governance of the Third World: A Foucauldian Perspective on Power Relations in Development." Alternatives 16: 1-30.
• James F. Keeley (1990). "Toward a Foucauldian Analysis of International Regimes." International Organization 44: 83-105.
• Kate Manzo (1992). "Global Power and South African Politics: A Foucauldian Analysis." Alternatives 17: 23-66.
• Isabelle Grunberg (1990). "Exploring the 'Myth' of Hegemonic Stability." International Organization 44: 431-477.
• Hayward R. Alker, Jr. (1990). "Rescuing 'Reason' from the 'Rationalists': Reading Vico, Marx, and Weber as Reflective Institutionalists." Millennium 19: 161-184.
• Molly Cochran (1995). "Postmodernism, Ethics, and International Political Theory." Review of International Studies 21: 237-250.

Feminism

Assigned

• Cynthia Enloe (1993). The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War. Chapters 1-2.
• J. Ann Tickner (1992). Gender in International Relations. Chapters 1-2.
• Christine Sylvester (1994). Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era. Introduction and chapter 1.

 

• Cynthia Enloe (1988). Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives.
• Cynthia Enloe (1989). Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations.
• Jean Bethke Elshtain (1985). "Reflections on War and Political Discourse: Realism, Just War, and Feminism in a Nuclear Age." Political Theory 13: 39-57.
• Jean Bethke Elshtain (1987). Women and War.
• Jean Bethke Elshtain (1991). "Sovereignty, Identity, Sacrifice." Millennium 20: 395-406.
• Jean Bethke Elshtain and S. Tobias, eds., Women, Militarism, and War.
• Judith Stiehm (1983). "The Protected, the Protector, the Defender." In Judith Stiehm, ed., Women and Men's Wars.
• Nancy Hartsock (1984). "Prologue to a Feminist Critique of War and Politics." In Judith Stiehm, ed., Women's Views on the Political World of Men.
• Betty Reardon (1985). Sexism and the War System.
• Genevieve Lloyd (1986). "Selfhood, War, and Masculinity." In Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Gross, eds., Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory.
• Nancy C.M. Hartsock (1989). "Masculinity, Heroism and the Making of War." In Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King, eds., Rocking the Ship of State.
• Sara Ruddick (1989). "Mother's and Men's Wars." In Adrienne Harris and Ynestra King, eds., Rocking the Ship of State.
• Sara Ruddick (1989). Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace.
• Penny Strange (1989). "It'll Make a Man of You: A Feminist View of the Arms Race." In Diana E.H. Russell, ed., Exposing Nuclear Phallacies.
• Susan Jeffords (1989). The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War.
• Nancy E. McGlen and Meredith Reid Sarkees, eds. (1993). Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders.
• Joan Cocks (1994). "Women in the Military." Gender and Society 8.
• Marysia Zalewski (1994). "The Women/'Women' Question in International Relations." Millennium 23: 407-423.
• Kathryn B. Ward (1984). Women in the World System.
• Gita Sen and Caren Grown (1986). Development Crises and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives.
• Maria Mies (1986). Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale.
• Susan P. Joekes (1987). Women in the World Economy.
• Kathleen Newland (1988). "From Transnational Relations to International Relations: Women in Development and the International Decade of Women." Millennium 17: 507-516.
• Kathleen Staudt (1990). Women, International Development, and Politics.
• J. Ann Tickner (1991). "On the Fringes of the World Economy: A Feminist Perspective." In Graig N. Murphy and Roger Tooze, eds., The New International Political Economy.
• Rae Lesser Blumberg (1992). Women, Development, and the Wealth of Nations.
• M. Janine Brodie (1994). "Shifting the Boundaries: Gender and the Politics of Restructuring." In Isabella Bakker, ed., The Strategic Silence: Gender and Economic Policy.
• Jane Haggis (1990). "Gendering Colonialism or Colonizing Gender: Recent Women's Studies Approaches to White Women and the History of British Colonialism." Women's Studies International Forum 13: 105-115.
• Chandra Talpade Mohanty (1991). "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses." In Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism.
• Deniz Kandiyoti (1991). "Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation." Millennium 20: 429-443.
• Irvin Cemil Schick (1990). "Representing Middle Eastern Women: Feminism and Colonial Discourse." Feminist Studies 16: 345-380.
• Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds. (1991). Gender and International Relations.
• V. Spike Peterson, ed. (1992). Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory.
• Anne Sisson Runyan and V. Spike Peterson (1991). "The Radical Future of Realism: Feminist Subversions of I.R. Theory." Alternatives 16: 67-106.
• V. Spike Peterson (1991). "Transgressing Boundaries: Theories of Knowledge, Gender, and International Relations." Millennium 21: 183-206.
• Christine Sylvester (1990). "The Emperors' Theories and Transformations: Looking at the Field Through Feminist Lenses." In Dennis C. Pirages and Christine Sylvester, eds., Transformations in the Global Political Economy.
• Christine Sylvester, ed. (1993). "Feminists Write International Relations," special issue of Alternatives.
• Christine Sylvester (1994). "Empathetic Co-operation: A Feminist Method for IR." Millennium 23.
• Christine Sylvester (1996). "The Contributions of Feminist Theory to International Relations." In Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski, eds., International Theory: Positivism and Beyond.
• Robert O. Keohane (1989). "International Relations Theory: Contributions of a Feminist Standpoint." Millennium 18: 245-253.
• Sandra Whitworth (1989). "Gender in the Inter-paradigm Debate." Millennium 18: 265-272.
• Craig N. Murphy (1996). "Gender in International Relations." International Organization 50: 513-538.
• Sandra Whitworth (1994). "Gender, International Relations, and the Case of the ILO." Review of International Studies 20: 389-405.
• Catherine Hoskyns (1994). "Gender Issues in International Relations: The Case of the European Union." Review of International Studies 20: 225-239.
• Deborah Stienstra (1994). Women's Movements and International Organizations.
• Georgina Waylen (1994). "Women and Democratization: Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics." World Politics 46: 327-354.
• Maxine Molyneux (1994). "Women's Rights and the International Context: Some Reflections on the Post-Communist States." Millennium 23: 287-313.