Einführung in die Psychologie des Selbst
von Heinz Kohut (1913 - 1981)

 

PD Dr. Michael Wolf, Dr.Michael Axel

Blockveranstaltung, Babelsberger Straße 14- 16, Raum 302

Vorbesprechung und 1. Termin: 29.04.2000, 14 –18 Uhr

 

Das Ziel der Lehrveranstaltung ist ersten die Erarbeitung des theoretischen Konzepts der Psychologie des Selbst von Heinz Kohut und dessen Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zu/mit anderen Strömungen/Schulen innerhalb des psychoanalytischen Paradigmas. Darauf aufbauend folgt zweitens eine Vorstellung und Diskussion der Anwendung dieses Ansatzes im klinischen Bereich. Drittens wird gezeigt, dass die psychoanalytische Selbstpsychologie auch und insbesondere geeignet ist Phänomene außerhalb des klinischen Bereichs, in der sogenannten angewandten Psychoanalyse oder analytischen Sozialpsychologie zu erklären.

  1. Die Essenz des psychoanalytischen Paradigmas
  2. Psychoanalytische Schulen / Richtungen
  3. Heinz Kohut
  4. Die Psychologie des Selbst von Heinz Kohut
  5. Selbstobjektbeziehungsstörungen
  6. Selbstpsychologische Entwicklungspsychologie
  7. Selbstpsychologisch orientierte individuelle Psychotherapie (allgemeine Überlegungen)
  8. Paartherapie / Familientherapie
  9. Selbstpsychologie und Gruppe
  10. Kurzzeittherapie
  11. Selbstpsychologisch orientierte Therapie spezieller Krankheitsbilder
  12. Die Anwendung der Psychologie des Selbst zur Erklärung von nicht klinischen Fragestellungen / Phänomenen
  13. Ausblick
  14. Literatur / weitere Quellen

    15.  

  15. Die Essenz des psychoanalytischen Paradigmas

(Beit-Hallahmi B: Psychoanalytic studies of religion, Westport Connecticut 1996, 3 ff.)

Zurück zum Anfang

  1. Psychoanalytische Schulen / Richtungen

Zurück zum Anfang

  1. Heinz Kohut
    1. Der Mensch, die Person Heinz Kohut

      2. Peters UH: Das fragmentierte Selbst und die psychoanalytische Emigration, in: Fundamenta Psychiatrica 1 (1987) 72 – 78

      Köhler Lotte: Erinnerungen an Heinz Kohut, in: EUROPEAN FEDERATION PSYCHOANALYTIC SELFPSYCHOLOGY, Newsletter Vol. 2, December 1998

      Siegel A M: Einführung in die Selbstpsychologie, das psychoanalytische Konzept von Heinz Kohut, Stuttgart 2000 (Kapitel 1: Von Wien nach Chicago, von Ernst Wolf, 15 – 27)

    2. Das Gesamtwerk (siehe unter 13.2)

    Zurück zum Anfang

  2. Die Psychologie des Selbst von Heinz Kohut

    3. Wolf E S: Theorie und Praxis der psychoanalytischen Selbstpsychologie, Frankfurt a. M. 1998

    Siegel A M: Einführung in die Selbstpsychologie, das psychoanalytische Konzept von Heinz Kohut, Stuttgart 2000

    Milch W E: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der psychoanalytischen Selbstpsychologie, in: Psychotherapeut 41 (1996) 1 – 12

    Maratos J: Self psychology, in: Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1 (1988) 284 – 288

    Wiederkehr – Benz K: Kohut im Überblick, in: Psyche xx (1981), no.1, 1 – 16

    Kohut H, Wolf E S: Die Störungen des Selbst und ihre Behandlung, in: Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, Band X, Ergebnisse für die Medizin (2) Psychiatrie, herausgegeben von Peters U H 1980, 667 - 682

    1. Die begriffliche Bestimmung der Selbstpsychologie

      2. What is Self Psychology? Please read various definitions of self psychology.
      (http://www.selfpsychology.org/whatis.htm)

    2. Zentrale Begriffe

Kohut H: Vier Grundbegriffe der Selbstpsychologie, in: Psychoanalyse 2+3 (1982) 131 – 205

Silverstein M L: Self psychology and diagnostic assessment, Mahwah NJ 1999 (chapter 2: Self psychology: major concepts; chapter 3: The central role of selfobject functions)

Mann D W: Theories of the self, in: Harvard Review of Psychiatry Vol. 4 (4) 1996, 175 - 183

Was meint Heinz Kohut, wenn er vom "Selbst" spricht? Assoziationen zum Thema von Rudolf Süsske, http://www.selfpsychology.org/papers/susske_self_german03.htm)

Lichtenberg J D: What is a selfobject ?, in: Psychoanalytic Dialogues 1 (1991) 455 – 479;

Basch M F: The selfobject concept: clinical implications, in: Progress in Self Psychology Vol. 10, 1994, 1 - 7)

Tolpin M: Compensatory Structures: path to the restoration of the self, in: Progress in Self Psychology Vol. 13, 1997, 3 -19
    1. Neukonzeptionalisierung von Begriffen der traditionellen Psychoanalyse

      2. Barry M (ed.): Freud's case studies: self-psychological perspectives 1993, 216 pp

      1. Das Unbewusste

        2. Stolorow R D, Atwood G E: The unconscious and unconscious fantasy: an intersubjective- developmental perspective, in: Psychoanalytic Inquiry Vol. 9, 1989, number 3, 364 – 374

         

      2. Wut, Aggressionen, Todestrieb

        3. Wolf E S: Theorie und Praxis der psychoanalytischen Selbstpsychologie, Frankfurt a. M. 1998 (Kapitel 6. Narzisstische Wut, 104 – 113)

        Ornstein P H: Conceptualization and treatment of rage in self psychology, in: Journal of Clinical Psychology 55, 1999 March, number 3, 283-293
        This article presents a self-psychological understanding and treatment of anger. Angry reactions are based on various types of injury to self-esteem, and on disappointments in those one holds in special esteem-such as early caretakers and later important others. When these injuries and disappointments are massive--traumatic--the ensuing angry reaction is especially intense and often destructive. Treatment addresses the patient's vulnerability, the soil on which all these forms of anger arise, through an empathic entry into the subjective inner world of the angry or enraged individual rather than through direct confrontations. Empathic entry leads the therapist to the sources of anger, often precipitated by inadvertent, unempathic responses in the therapeutic encounter. Accepting nonjudgmentally, understanding uncritically, and explaining patiently the meaning and origin of the anger may lead to the amelioration of the vulnerability that gives rise to the anger.

        Ornstein P H, Ornstein A: Assertiveness, anger, rage and destructive aggression: a perspective from the treatment process (in German), in: Psyche Vol. 51 (4) 1997, 289 - 310

      3. Affekte, Emotionen

        4. Socarides D D, Stolorow R D: Affect and selfobjects, in. The Annual of Psychoanalysis Vol.12/13, 1984/1985, 105 -119

      4. Widerstand

        5. Kohut H: Wie heilt die Psychoanalyse? Frankfurt a. M. 1987 (Der selbstpsychologische Ansatz im Hinblick auf Abwehr und Widerstand Seiten 165 – 221)

        Rowe CE Jr.: The concept of resistance in self psychology, in. Am J Psychother 1996 Winter;50(1):66-74
        Self psychology views resistances as protecting a vulnerable self. Resistances are seen as efforts to maintain levels of organization that patients have achieved within the context of their traumatic life situation. Patients feel able to move forward in the treatment when the importance of their need to maintain their developmental position is understood. This view is in contrast to the traditional view of resistances as treatment interferences that must be overcome as they defend against awareness of impulses and allow for unconscious instinctual gratification.

      5. Triebtheorie versus Psychologie des Selbst

Kohut H: Die Heilung des Selbst, Frankfurt a. M. 1979 ( Triebtheorie und Psychologie des Selbst 71 – 81, Der Ödipuskomplex und die Psychologie des Selbst 230 – 251)

Silverstein M L: Self psychology and diagnostic assessment, Mahwah NJ 1999 (chapter 1: The shift from classical drive theory to self psychology)

Siegel A M: Einführung in die Selbstpsychologie, das psychoanalytische Konzept von Heinz Kohut, Stuttgart 2000 (kapitel 2: Die klassischen grundlagen der Selbstpsychologie, 26 – 48)

Zurück zum Anfang

  1. Selbstobjektbeziehungsstörungen

    2. Wolf E S: Theorie und Praxis der psychoanalytischen Selbstpsychologie, Frankfurt a. M. 1998 (Kapitel 5: Selbstobjektbeziehungsstörungen 91 – 103)

    1. Einteilung der Selbstobjektbeziehungsstörungen
    2. Pathologische Selbstzustände
    3. Verhaltensmuster
    4. ‚Acting out’
    5. Beispiele
      1. Die sogenannte "ungewollte" Schwangerschaft als narzisstischer Restitutionsversuch (Wiederherstellung, Wiedererrichtung)

        2. Goebel P: Die ungewollte Schwangerschaft – ein neurotischer Konfliktlösungsversuch? Eine Analyse der Konfliktsituation von 228 Interruptiopatientinnen, in: Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin 28 (1982) 280 – 299

         

         

      2. Das Kind als Selbstobjekt der Eltern; Psychodynamik der Kindesmisshandlung

        3. Lee RR: An infant's experience as a selfobject, in: Am J Psychother 1999 Spring; 53(2):177-187

        Berger M: Die Mutter unter der Maske – zur Entwicklungsproblematik von Kindern adoleszenter Eltern, in: Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 37 (1988) Heft 9, 333 – 345 (The mother beneath the mask: on the developmental problems of children of adolescent parents)

        Berger M: Klinische Erfahrungen mit späten Müttern und ihrem Wunschkind, in: Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 38 (1989) Heft 1, 16 – 24 (Clinical Experience with late mothers and their "wished for" child)

        Ammon G, et al.: Kindesmisshandlung, München 1979 (Kindesmisshandlungen und Borderline – Syndrom, 75 – 84)

      3. Das ‚Münchhausen Syndrom by Proxy’

        4. Schreier HA: The perversion of mothering: Munchausen syndrome by proxy, in: Bull Menninger Clin 1992 Fall 56(4):421-37
        Munchausen syndrome by proxy, in which a seemingly caring and concerned mother is simultaneously harming her child, can best be understood in terms of the mother's need for a relationship with a physician that is rooted in a profound sense of early abandonment. This understanding broadens the definition of perversions. The infant in this sadomasochistic interaction is dehumanized and is used as a fetishistic object to control the relationship. The author's literature review and case report provide the basis for his exploration of the historical, cultural, and psychological factors that both contribute to the development of the syndrome and conspire to deny its reality.

        Krupinski M, et al.: Munchausen syndrome be proxy, in: Nervenarzt 66, 1995, Heft 1, 36 - 40

        MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY
        http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/pa/sresrch/Huynh/Huynh/index.htm

        Essential resources for the MSP community
        (        http://www.ashermeadow.org/ )

        Adshead G, Brooke D (edited by): Munchausen's syndrome by proxy: current issues in assessment, treatment and research, March 20. 2000, Imperial College Press, 200 pages, ISBN: 1860941346

      4. Affektdelikte

    Feldmann TB, Johnson PW, Bell RA: Cofactors in the commission of violent crimes: a self-psychology examination, in: American Journal of Psychotherapy Vol. 44, 1990, April; number 2, 172-179

    Battegay R: Totale Fusion mit einem Objekt und dessen Zerstörung, in: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 129, 1981, Heft 2, 283 – 296

    Rasch W: Tötung des Intimpartners, Stuttgart 1964

    Saß H: Affektdelikte, in: Nervenarzt 54 (1983) 557 – 572

    Reinfried H W: Mörder, Räuber, Diebe ... ; Psychotherapie im Strafvollzug, Stuttgart – Bad Cannstatt 1999 (Mord als psychische Abwehr einer tiefen Kränkung 84 – 91)

    Zurück zum Anfang

     

     

  2. Selbstpsychologische Entwicklungspsychologie

    3. Lichtenberg J D: Psychoanalyse und Säuglingsforschung, Berlin etc. 1991

    Stern D N: Die Lebenserfahrung des Säuglings, Stuttgart 1992

    N.N.: Development and pathology of the self, in: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol. 4 (1981), number 3, 425 – 560

    Elson M: Kohut and Stern: Two views of Infancy and Early Childhood, in: SMITH COLLEGE STUDIES IN SOCIAL WORK, Vol.59 No.2, l989, pp.l3l-l45

    Maratos J: Bowlby and Kohut: Where science and humanism meet, in: Group Analysis Vol.19, 1986, 303 - 309

    N.N.: Self Psychology and Infancy, in: Progress in Self Psychology Vol.3, 1988, 3 – 77

    Tolpin M, Kohut H: The disorder of the self: the psychopathology of the first years of life, in: the course of life: psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development, Vol 1: infancy and early childhood, edited by Greenspan S I, Pollock G H, Washington 1980, National Institute of Mental Helth, 425 – 458

  3. Zurück zum Anfang

  4. Selbstpsychologisch orientierte individuelle Psychotherapie (allgemeine Überlegungen)

    Wolf E S: Theorie und Praxis der psychoanalytischen Selbstpsychologie, Frankfurt a. M. 1998
    (Zweiter Teil: Behandlung 117 – 218)

    1. Empathie als zentraler kurativer Faktor

      2. Basch M F: Empathic Understanding: a review of the concept and some theoretical considerations, in: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Vol. 31, 1983 101-126.

      Spiegel, J., S. K. Severino, et al. (2000). "The role of attachment functions in psychotherapy." J Psychother Pract Res 9(1) 25-32.
      The authors propose to clarify concepts of emotional attunement and failures of attunement in early development derived from theoretical and clinical work (Kohut) and infant psychiatry (Stern). Early attunement failures are experienced as shameful by the infant/child, and without repair they form a nidus for later destructive adult interpersonal relationships, "social blindness," and depression. The authors present a case illustrating these ideas. The role of empathic attunement experienced in the unique setting/structure of psychotherapy emerges as the single critical variable for a successful outcome.

      Rowe C, MacIsaac D: Empathic Attunement: the "technique" of psychoanalytic self psychology. Northvale, NJ: Jason 1989

      Tugh R H: Beyond empathy: confronting certain complexities in self psychology theory, in: Psychoanalytic Quarterly Vol. 66(2) 1997, 259 - 282Narzisstische Übertragung

      1. Spiegelung
      2. Idealisierung

       

       

    2. Umwandelnde Verinnerlichung (transmuting internalisierung) und optimale Frustration

      3. Kohut H: Wie heilt die Psychoanalyse? Frankfurt a. M. 1987 (Die Heilwirkung der Psychoanalyse? I + II, 102 – 164)

      Deitz J: Self-psychological approach to posttraumatic stress disorder: neurobiological aspects of transmuting internalization, in: J Am Acad Psychoanal. Vol.20, 1992 Summer; number 2, 277-93.

      Rowe, C: Development from archaic to mature selfobject transferences. Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol 20, (1992). no. 1,

      Exkurs: Das Konzept der nachholenden Ich-Entwicklung von Günter Ammon

      Zurück zum Anfang

    3. Die Funktion des Therapeuten als Selbstobjekt

    Kaufman K: The therapist as selfobject, in: Clinical Social Work Journal Vol. 24 (3) 1996, 285 – 298

  5. Paartherapie / Familientherapie
    1. Paartherapie

      2. Wexler D B: The broken mirror: a self psychological treatment perspective for relationship violence, in: Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research Vol. 8 (2) 1999, 129 - 141

    2. Familientherapie

    Ungar M T, Levene J E: Selfobject functions of the family: Implications for family therapy, in: Clinical Social Work Journal Vol. 22 (3) 1994, 303 - 316

  6. Selbstpsychologie und Gruppe
    1. Bion versus Kohut

      2. Rioch M J: The work of Wilfred Bion on groups, in: Psychiatry 33 (1970), number 1, 56 – 66

      Lofgren L B: The self in a small group: a comparison of the theories of Bion and Kohut, in: Kohut’s legacy, contributions to self psychology, edited by Stepansky PE, Goldberg A, Hillsdale, NJ 1984, 203 - 213

    2. Eine selbstpsychologisch orientierte Neu-Interpretation der Gruppentheorie von Bion
    3. Selbstpsychologisch orientierte Gruppentherapie

    Livingston MS: Vulnerability, tenderness, and the experience of selfobject relationship: a self psychological view of deepening curative process in group psychotherapy, in: International Journal for Group Psychotherapy Vol. 49,1999 January (1), 19-40

    Harwood I H: The application of self-psychology concepts to group psychotherapy, in: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 33, 1983, number 4, 469 – 487

    Berry C E: Self psychology and its relationship to the practice of group psychotherapy, in: International Journal for Group Psychotherapy Vol. 41,1991(4), 523-532

    Shapiro E: Empathy and safety in group: a self psychology perspective, in: Group Vol. 15, number 4, 1991, 219 – 224

    Harwood I N N, Pines M (Eds.): Self experiences in group: intersubjective and self psychological pathways to human understanding, London 189 pp

    Zurück zum Anfang

  7. Kurzzeittherapie

    8. Gardner J R: The Application of self-psychology to brief psychotherapy, in. Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol. 8,1991, number 4, 477 - ??

    Zurück zum Anfang

  8. Selbstpsychologisch orientierte Therapie spezieller Krankheitsbilder
    1. Beschreibung, Theorie und Therapie der narzisstischen Persönlichkeitsstörung

      2. Akhtar S: Narcissistic personality disorder, descriptive features and differential diagnosis, in: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol.12, number 3, 1989, 505 – 529

      Kohut H: The psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorder, in: Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Vol. 23, 1968, 86 – 113 (deutsch: Die psychoanalytische Behandlung narzisstischer Persönlichkeitsstörungen, in: Psyche 23, 1969, 321 – 248)

      Richards A D: Some thoughts on the diagnosis and treatment of narcissistic personality disorder, in: Issues in Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol. 16 (1) 1994, 17 – 28 (Reviews the contrasting views of H Kohut and O Kernberg)

    2. Psychotische Erkrankungen

      3. Mentzos S: Die Psychodynamik der Psychosen, zur psychodynamischen Differenzierung und Einordnung psychotischer Prozesse, in: Psychotherapeut 42 (1997) 343 – 349 [allgemeine Einführung ins Thema]

      N.N.: Self psychology and the psychoses, in: Progress in Self Psychology Vol.3, 1988, 81 – 157

      Garfield DA, Tolpin M: Selfobjects in psychosis--the twinship compensation, in: Am J Psychother 1996 Spring; 50(2):178-93

      Psychoanalysts and psychotherapists who work with psychotic patients often encounter unusual clinical phenomena. In this article, a certain kind of phenomena is described, wherein the patient refers to a body part of the therapist as being owned by the patient. This "body part borrowing" or "merger" can be explained by the classical and object relations schools in terms of part and transitional object concepts. These diagnostic formulations will then guide therapeutic intervention. Newer concepts, from the psychoanalytic school of self psychology, particularly that of the twinship selfobject experience, provide for a more effective intervention in these complex clinical situations. Certain psychotic responses, in these cases, delusional misperceptions, can be viewed as the patient's attempt to stave off empathic rupture and fragmentation. "Body-part borrowing" in the treatment setting thus serves as a twinship selfobject compensation; it attenuates the unbearable affects generated by empathic failure. In this article, we offered clinical vignettes to illustrate these processes in two patients with psychosis and one with neurosis. We then offered various suggestions for clinical intervention based on a selfobject understanding of these phenomena.

      1. Schizophrener Formenkreis

        2. Pollack W S: Schizophrenia and the self: contributions of psychoanalytic self-psychology, in: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol. 15, number 2, 1989, 311 - 322

        Exkurs: Der Ansatz von Benedetti G.
        Benedetti G: Die Positivierung des schizophrenen Erlebens im therapeutischen Symbol, in: Nervenarzt 54, 1983, 150 – 157

      2. Affektive Erkrankungen (Depression und Manie)

      Deitz J: The evolution of the self-psychological approach to depression, in: Am J Psychother 1989 Oct 43(4) 494-505
      This paper traces the evolution of the self-psychological view of depression from its roots in classical psychoanalytic theory and technique. Self psychology differs significantly from classical psychoanalysis in its theoretical understanding and its technical handling of the transferences and aggressive tendencies of depressed patients in psychotherapy or psychoanalysis.

      Deitz J: The self-psychological approach to the bipolar spectrum disorders, in: J Am Acad Psychoanal 1995 Fall; 23(3):475-92

      Exkurs: Der Ansatz von Benedetti G.
      Benedetti G: Zur Psychodynamik der Depression, in: Nervenarzt 52, 1981, 621 - 628

    3. Psychosomatische Erkrankungen

      4. Krystal H: Integration and self-healing: affect, trauma, alexithymia, 1988/1993 pbk. 408 pp.

      Rodin GM: Somatization: a perspective from self psychology, in: J Am Acad Psychoanal 1991 Fall;19(3):367-84
      Somatization is a complex phenomenon that occurs in many forms and diverse settings. It is not necessarily pathological and may be found in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Much of the psychiatric literature has focused on patients with conversion disorders and hypochondriasis. Psychoanalytic theories regarding such conditions were largely based upon concepts of drive, conflict, and defense. The perspective from self psychology, with its emphasis on subjective experience and the sense of self, may further enhance the psychoanalytic understanding of somatization. Individuals with disturbances in the stability and organization of the self may present with somatic symptoms and disturbances in emotional awareness. Somatization in such cases may be the experiential manifestation of a disturbance in the cohesion of the self and/or may result from defensive operations to ward off affect. The latter may be prominent when affective arousal triggers the psychological threat of fragmentation. Somatization may diminish in such individuals when a self-object relationship is formed that bolsters and consolidates the sense of self. The integration of affect into ongoing subjective experience may also be an important aspect of psychoanalytic treatment in such patients.

    4. Essstörungen

      5. Bachar E: The contributions of self psychology to the treatment of anorexia and bulimia, in: Am J Psychother 1998 Spring 52(2):147-65
      This article reviews the contribution of self psychology to the treatment and understanding of anorexia and bulimia. It tries to show that the unique conceptualization of self, selfobject relations, and this theory's conceptualization of resistance and defenses constitutes a therapeutic stance which especially fits the therapeutic needs of eating-disordered patients. Clinical vignettes illuminate three main issues exemplifying the opportunities and dilemmas that this new development in psychoanalytic theory brings to the fore in the treatment of eating disorders: (1) empathy with deeds and attitudes of the patient that the therapist finds difficult to empathize with; (2) empathic understanding "from within" from an experience-near stance vs. experience-distant interpretation "from without"; (3) self, selfobject relations with food and as a result of progress in therapy, with human beings.

      Krueger D: Food as selfobject in eating disorder patients, in: Psychoanalytic Review 1997 Aug, 84(4), 617-630

      Chassler L: "In hunger I am king"; Understanding anorexia nervosa from a psychoanalytic perspective: theoretical and clinical implications, in: Clinical Social Work Journal Vol. 22 (4) 1994, 397 - 415

       

       

    5. Perversion

      6. Wolf E S: Narcissistic lust and other vicissitudes of sexuality, in: Psychoanalytic Inquiry Vol. 14 (4) 1994, 519 - 534

      Goldberg A: The problem of perversion: the view from self psychology, Yale University Press: New Haven CT 1995

      Goldberg A: Perversion from the perspective of psychoanalytic self-psychology (in German), in: Psyche Vol. 52, (8), 1998. 709 - 730

    6. Diverse weitere neurotische, pathologische Symptome / Syndrome

    Kainer Rochelle G. K.: The collapse of the self and its therapeutic restoration,
    $34.50, ISBN 0-88163-317-8, 1999, 224pp

     

    Contents

    Foreword by James Grotstein

    Preface

    Part I Creating the Self

    Chapter One - Found Objects: On the Nature of Identification

    Chapter Two - On Falling in Love with a Work of Art: Identifications in the

    Creation of the Ideal Self

    Chapter Three - Sadomasochistic Identifications: The Formation of the

    Pathological Part of the Self

    Part II The Collapse of the Self

    Chapter Four - Narcissistic Injury and its Relation to Paranoid/Schizoid Collapse

    Chapter Five - Compulsive Eating: Autistic Self-Soothing in a Neurotic Structure

    Chapter Six - Hidden Spaces: Psychotic Residues in a Neurotic Structure

    Chapter Seven - From "Hysteroid Dysphoria" to "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder": A Case for Psychoanalysis in the Era of Neurobiology

    Chapter Eight - The Role of Projective Identification in Imaginative Empathy

    Chapter Nine - Psychic Catastrophe and the Premature Birth of the Self: Implications for Treatment

    Chapter Ten - Lifting the Shadow of the Object: Reworking Pathological Internal Object-Relationships and Transforming Selfobject Failures

    Zurück zum Anfang

     

     

  9. Die Anwendung der Psychologie des Selbst zur Erklärung von nicht klinischen Fragestellungen / Phänomenen
    1. Führungsforschung

      2. Post J M: Current concepts of the narcissistic personality: implications for political psychology, in: Political Psychology 14 (1993) 99 - 121

      Maccoby M: Narcissistic leaders, the incredible pros, the inevitable cons, in: Harvard Business Review January-February 2000, 69 – 77

    2. Führer - Anhänger Beziehung

      3. Post J M: Narcissism and the charismatic leader - follower relationship, in: Political Psychology 7 (1986) no.4, 675 – 688

      Kets de Vries M F R: Origins of charisma: ties that bind the leader and the led, in: charismatic leadership, the elusive factor in organisational effectiveness, edited be Conger J A, Kanungo R N: San Francisco 1988, 237 – 252

      Pauchant T C: Transferential leadership; toward a more complex understanding of charisma in organisations, in. Organisation Studies Vol. 12, 1991, number 4, 507 - 527

    3. Zur Selbstobjektfunktion von Sekten, Kulten, Gruppen

      4. Feldmann T B; Johnson P W: Cult membership as a source of self-cohesion: forensic implications, in: BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PSYCHIATRY AND THE LAW Vol. 23 (1995) number2, 239 - 248

      Galanter M: Cults and zealous self-help movements: a psychiatric perspective, in: American Journal of Psychiatry 147 (1990), no.5, 543 – 551

    4. Psychodynamik des Terrorismus

      5. Post J M: Current Understanding of Terrorist Motivation and Psychology: Implications for a Differentiated Antiterrorist Policy, in: Terrorism 13 (1990), no. 1, 65 – ??

      Post J M: Rewarding fire with fire: effects of retaliation on terrorist group dynamics, in: Terrorism Vol. 10, 1987. 23 – 36

      Post J M: Notes on a psychodynamic theory of terrorist behavior, in: Terrorism Vol.7, 1984, number 3, 241 - 256

    5. Waffen als Selbstobjekt

      6. Feldmamm T B, Johnson P W: The selfobject function of weapons: a self-psychology examination, in: Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 20 (1992) number 4, 561 - 576

    6. Verhandlungen mit Geiselnehmern

      7. Feldmann T B, Johnson P W: The application of psychotherapeutic and self psychology principles to hostage negotiations, in: J Am Acad Psychoanal 1995 Summer;23(2):207-21

    7. Die Funktion des Therapeuten als Muse d.h. als Selbstobjekt bei kreativen Patienten

      8. Kinney D K: "The therapist as muse: greater roles for clinicians in fostering innovation." Am J Psychother (1992) 46(3): 434-53 [Muse (gr.-lat.) die; -, -n: eine von neun Schwestern als Schutzgöttinnen der Künste (griech. Mythologie)]
      Recent research on psychological and social factors that facilitate creativity indicates that clinicians can play important roles in fostering innovations crucial for national economic and social well - being. New research evidence indicates that individuals who carry increased liability for certain psychiatric illnesses, such as bipolar disorder (and possibly other disorders such as schizophrenia, as well) may tend to have unusual potential for creative accomplishment-- particularly if they do not themselves have severe symptoms. Clinicians' professional skills give them special opportunities to nurture unusual creative potential in such individuals by using various approaches, ranging from more sensitive use of medication to creating special occupational niches in which unusually talented but psychologically vulnerable individuals can flourish. Clinicians are also needed to catalyse interdisciplinary reforms of occupational and educational institutions to remove authoritarian and harshly competitive conditions that discourage creativity and replace them with new social settings that actively foster innovation. Therapists, therefore, have important cultural roles to play in fostering creativity, not only through traditional professional roles, such as treating patients referred to them, but also through more "practice" ones, such as matching individuals with creative temperaments to optimal social settings, or inventing new social organisations. To fill these roles properly, therapists will themselves have to become more innovative in recasting their own professional identifies and responsibilities.

    8. Spielautomaten-, Computer- und Internetsucht: ein selbstpsychologischer Erklärungsversuch

      9. Kind J: Selbstobjekt Automat, in: Forum der Psychoanalyse Vol.4, Heft 2, 1988, 116 – 138

    9. Konsumentenverhalten illustriert am Beispiel der narzisstischen Verhaltensstörung

      10. Švrakić D M: The functional dynamics of the narcissistic personality, in: American Journal of Psychotherapy XXX, number2, 1990, 189 – 203

    10. Kultur als Selbstobjekt, zur Psychodynamik von kulturellem Wandel bzw. Kulturrevolutionen

      11. Wallace A F C: Revitalization movements, in: American Anthropologist 58, (1956) 264 – 281

      Connor J W: From ghost dance to death camps: Nazi Germany as a crisis cult, in: Ethos 17 (1989) 259 – 288

      Zonis M: Self – objects, self-representation, and sense-making crisis: political instability in the 1980s, in: Political Psychology 5 1984, number2, 267 - 285

    11. Die psychologische Funktion von Religion

      12. Hedayat-Diba Z: The selfobject functions of the Koran, in: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION VOL 7, (1997) 211-236,

      Baker M W: The loss of the selfobject tie and religious fundamentalism, in: JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY VOL 26; 1998, NUMBER 3; 223-231

      Salamone F: The selfobject function of compensatory fantasy: analytic work with a "New Age" patient, in: CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL VOL 23; 1995, NUMBER 3; SEAS 3; 327

      Heimbrock, H-G: Psychoanalytic understanding of religion, in: International Journal for the Psychology of Religion Vol.1, 1991, number 2, 71-89,

      Kirkpatrick, L A: An attachment-theory approach to the psychology of religion, in: International Journal for the Psychology of Religion Vol.2, 1992, number 1, 3-28,

      Marcus P, Rosenberg A: The value of religion in sustaining the self in extreme situations, in: Psychoanalytic Review Vol. 82, (1), 1995, 81 – 105

       

       

    12. Psychohistorie (psychohistory)

      13. DeMause L: Childhood and cultural evolution, in: Journal of psychohistory Vol. 26 (3) 1999, 643 - 723

      Foldy M: The emotional logic of Mein Kampf: Kohutian and Bakhtinian perspectives on Hitler's internment in Landsberg prison, in: PSYCHOHISTORY REVIEW VOL 26 (1998) NUMBER 2; 137-158

      Strozier, C. B: Heinz Kohut and Psychohistory, in: PSYCHOHISTORY REVIEW VOL 25 (1996) NUMBER 1, 3-20

    13. Zur Kulturabhängigkeit von Selbst – Selbstobjektbeziehungen

    Roland A: The influence of culture on self and selfobject relationships: an Asian-North American comparison, in: Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 6, (4) 1996, 461 - 475

    Zurück zum Anfang

  10. Ausblick
    1. Die Selbstpsychologie nach Kohut

      2. Goldberg, A. (1998). "Self psychology since Kohut." Psychoanal Q 67(2): 240-55.
      The changes in psychoanalytic self psychology since its origination by Heinz Kohut are described as differences in three branches: the traditional, the intersubjective, and the relational. Each claims both a distinctiveness and a major influence within self psychology. These are described and contrasted. It is suggested that an effort to integrate all three is premature, and that they will continue to grow separately.

      Lichtenberg JD, Wolf E: General principles of self psychology: a position statement, in: J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1997;45(2):531-43
      In the more than twenty-five years since Kohut formulated a psychology of the self, the basic theory has undergone many revisions and additions. In the course of broadening from a focus on narcissism and empathy into a general theory of normal and pathological development, self psychology has taken so many different directions that the question can be asked, Does self psychology remain essentially a single theory with different descriptors--a theory of a self-selfobject matrix, a theory of intersubjectivity, a theory of motivational systems, and so on? A concise statement of general principles is intended to contribute to a dialogue between advocates of the views presented here and those who hold different views of theory and practice, within and without self psychology.

    2. Aktuelle Entwicklungen der Psychologie des Selbst
      1. Integration der Bindungstheorie (Bowlby) und der Selbst Psychologie (Kohut)

        2. Shane M, Shane E, Gales M: Intimate attachments; toward a new self psychology, New York 1997

      2. Psychoanalytische Motivationstheorie

        3. Fosshage J L: An expansion of motivational theory: Lichtenberg’s motivational systems model, in: Psychoanalytic Inquiry Vol. 15, (4) 1995, 421 – 436

      3. Intersubjektivität

    Stolorow R D: An intersubjective view of self psychology, in: Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 5 (3) 1995, 393 – 399

    Stolorow R D, Atwood G E, Orange D M: Kohut and contextualism: toward a post-Cartesian psychoanalytic theory, in: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol. 16 (3) 1999, 380 - 388

    Zurück zum Anfang

     

     

  11. Literatur / weitere Quellen
    1. Sekundärliteratur

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      Baker M W: The loss of the selfobject tie and religious fundamentalism, in: JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY VOL 26; 1998, NUMBER 3; 223-231

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      Goebel P: Die ungewollte Schwangerschaft – ein neurotischer Konfliktlösungsversuch? Eine Analyse der Konfliktsituation von 228 Interruptiopatientinnen, in: Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin 28 (1982) 280 – 299

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      Kirkpatrick, L A: An attachment-theory approach to the psychology of religion, in: International Journal for the Psychology of Religion Vol.2, 1992, number 1, 3-28,

      Kohut H: The psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorder, in: Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Vol. 23, 1968, 86 – 113 (deutsch: Die psychoanalytische Behandlung narzisstischer Persönlichkeitsstörungen, in: Psyche 23, 1969, 321 – 248)

      Kohut H: Vier Grundbegriffe der Selbstpsychologie, in: Psychoanalyse 2+3 (1982) 131 – 205

      Kohut H, Wolf E S: Die Störungen des Selbst und ihre Behandlung, in: Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, Band X, Ergebnisse für die Medizin (2) Psychiatrie, herausgegeben von Peters U H 1980, 667 - 682

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      Roland A: The influence of culture on self and selfobject relationships: an Asian-North American comparison, in: Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 6, (4) 1996, 461 - 475

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      Rowe CE: The concept of resistance in self psychology, in: Am J Psychother 1996 Winter, 50(1) 66-74

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      Salamone F: The selfobject function of compensatory fantasy: analytic work with a "New Age" patient, in: CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL VOL 23; 1995, NUMBER 3; SEAS 3; 327

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      Socarides D D, Stolorow R D: Affect and selfobjects, in. The Annual of Psychoanalysis Vol.12/13, 1984/1985, 105 -119

      Shane M, Shane E, Gales M: Intimate attachments; toward a new self psychology, New York 1997

      Schreier HA: The perversion of mothering: Munchausen syndrome by proxy, in: Bull Menninger Clin 1992 Fall;56(4):421-37

      Shapiro E: Empathy and safety in group: a self psychology perspective, in: Group Vol. 15, number 4, 1991, 219 – 224

      Spiegel, J., S. K. Severino, et al.: The role of attachment functions in psychotherapy, in: Journal Psychother Pract Res Vol. 9 (2000). (1) 25-32.

      Strozier, C. B: Heinz Kohut and Psychohistory, in: PSYCHOHISTORY REVIEW VOL 25 (1996) NUMBER 1, 3-20

      Švrakić D M: The functional dynamics of the narcissistic personality, in American Journal of psychotherapy XXX, number2, 1990, 189 - 203

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      Stolorow R D: An intersubjective view of self psychology, in: Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 5 (3) 1995, 393 - 399

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      Stolorow R D, Atwood G E, Orange D M: Kohut and contextualism: toward a post-Cartesian psychoanalytic theory, in: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol. 16 (3) 1999, 380 - 388

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      Zonis M: Self – objects, self-representation, and sense-making crisis: political instability in the 1980s, in: Political Psychology 5 1984, number 2, 267 - 285

      Zurück zum Anfang

       

       

    2. Das Gesamtwerk von Heinz Kohut

      3.  

      Goldberg, A., ed. (Kohut, H., Collab.) (1978). The Psychology of the Self: A Casebook. Written with the Collaboration of Heinz Kohut., New York: Int.Univ. Press.

       

      Kohut, H., Levarie, S. (1950). On the enjoyment of listening to music., Psychoanal. Q., 19:64-87.

       

      Kohut, H. (1952). Review of Psychanalyse de la Musique., Psychoanal. Q., 21:109-111.

       

      Kohut, H. (1955) Review of Beethoven and His Nephew., Psychoanal. Q., 24:453-455.

       

      Kohut, H. (1955). Review of The Haunting Melody. Psychoanalytic Experiences in Life and Music., Psychoanal. Q., 24:134-137.

       

      Kohut, H. (1957). Death in Venice by Mann: disintegration of artistic sublimation.., Psychoanal. Q., 26:206-228.

       

      Kohut, H. (1957). Observations on the psychological functions of music., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 5:389-407.

       

      Kohut, H., rep. (1957). Panel: Clinical and theoretical aspects of resistance., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 5:548-555.

       

      Kohut, H. (1957). Review of The Arrow and the Lyre. A Study of the Role of Love in the Works of Thomas Mann., Psychoanal. Q., 26:273-275.

       

      Kohut, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 7:459-483.

       

      Kohut, H. (1960). Review of Beethoven and his Nephew. A Psychoanalytic Study of their Relationship., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 8:567-586.

       

      Kohut, H. (1960). Review of Daniel Paul Schreber, Memoirs of my Nervous Illness., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 8:567-586.

       

      Kohut, H. (1960). Review of Great Men: Psychoanalytic Studies., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 8:567-586.

       

      Kohut, H., rep. (1960). Panel: The psychology of imagination., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 8:159-166.

       

      Kohut, H. (1960). Review of Swift and Carroll. A Psychoanalytic Study of Two Lives., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 8:567-586.

       

      Kohut, H. (1962). The psychoanalytic curriculum., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 10:153-163.

       

      Kohut, H. (1964). Phyllis Greenacre - a tribute., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 12:3-5.

       

      Kohut, H. (1964). Symposium on fantasy., Int. J. Psychoanal., 45:199-202.

       

      Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 14:243-272.

       

      Kohut, H. (1968). The psychoanalytic treatment of Narcissistic personality disorders, Psychoanal. Study Child, 23:86-113.

       

      Kohut, H. (1968). The evaluation of applicants for psychoanalytic training., Int. J. Psychoanal., 49:548-554.

       

      Kohut, H. (1970). Scientific activities of the American Psychoanalytic Association., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 18:462-484.

       

      Kohut, H. (1971). Peace prize 1969: laudation., J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 19:806-818.

       

      Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders., New York: Int. Univ. Press.

       

      Kohut, H. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage., Psychoanal. Study Child, 27:360-400.

       

      Kohut, H. (1973). Psychoanalysis in a troubled world., Annual Psychoanal., 1:3-25.

       

      Kohut, H. (1975). The future of psychoanalysis., Annual Psychoanal., 3:325-340.

       

      Kohut, H. (1975). The psychoanalyst in the community of scholars., Annual Psychoanal., 3:341-370.

       

      Kohut, H. (1976). Creativeness, charisma, group psychology: Freud's self-analysis.., Psychol. Issues, 34:379-425.

       

      Kohut, H. (1977). On the occasion of Jean Piaget's eightieth birthday.., Annual Psychoanal., 5:373-378.

       

      Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self., New York: Int. Univ. Press.

       

      Kohut, H., Wolf, E.S. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment: an outline., Int. J. Psychoanal., 59:413-426.

       

      Kohut, H. (Ornstein, P., ed.) (1978). The Search for the Self: Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut, 1950-1978., New York: Int. Univ. Press.

       

      Kohut, H. (1979). The two analyses of Mr. Z., Int. J. Psychoanal., 60:3-28.

       

      Kohut, H. (1982). Introspection, empathy, and mental health., Int. J. Psychoanal., 63:395-408.

       

      Kohut, H. (A.Goldberg, ed.) (1984). How Does Analysis Cure?, Chicago & London: Univ.of Chicago Press

       

      Kohut, H. (ed. W/intro. C. Strozier). (1985). Self Psychology and the Humanities: Reflections on a New Psychoanalytic Approach., New York & London: W.W.Norton.

       

      Kohut, H. Vol I-Iv. (ed. Ornstein, P.) (1991). The Search for Self. Selected Writings of Heinz Kohut, New York: International Univ. Press

       

      Kohut, H. (ed. by Geoffrey Cocks) (1994). The Curve of Life: Correspondence 1923-1981., Chicago: University of Chicago Press

       

      Kohut, H. (1996). The Chicago institute lectures., Hillsdale, NJ:Analytic Press

       

      Tolpin M, Kohut H: The disorder of the self: the psychopathology of the first years of life, in: the course of life: psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development, Vol 1: infancy and early childhood, edited by Greenspan S I, Pollock G H, Washington 1980, National Institute of Mental Health, 425 - 458

      Zurück zum Anfang

       

    3. Diverse Bibliographien und Hinweise auf weitere Quelle zur Psychologie des Selbst

Self Psychology Homepage (http://www.selfpsychology.org)

Index of "Progress in Self Psychology" (http://www.selfpsychology.org/progress/index.htm)

DEEP THOUGHTS A forum for ideas expressed in a single sentence, or less.
Editors: George Atwood and David Klugman (http://www.selfpsychology.org/deepthoughts/index.htm

Self Psychology Bibliography (http://www.selfpsychology.org/bibliogr.htm

Self Psychology Annual Conferences (http://www.selfpsychology.org/ConfReports.htm

EUROPEAN FEDERATION PSYCHOANALYTIC SELFPSYCHOLOGY
(http://www.selfpsychology.org/europe/

EUROPEAN FEDERATION PSYCHOANALYTIC SELFPSYCHOLOGY
Newsletter Vol. 2 December 1998
(http://www.selfpsychology.org/europe/newsletters/1998_12_German.htm

Heinz Kohut: His Enduring Influence Today
Abstract:
This paper is an appreciation of Heinz Kohut and his "Self Psychology" , and an attempt to evaluate the impact and evolution of Kohut and his "Self Psychology" to 1994. Heinz Kohut made a decisive break from Freudian drive theory in the mid-1970s, after twenty-five years of clinical and theoretical work at the heart of the American psychoanalytic establishment. Why was it Kohut who made this break? Why then? What has this generated? In sum, signs of new hypothesis generation, creative utilization and integration of self-psychology with other lines of thought are apparent. Evidence suggests that self-psychology's influence has permeated broadly in psychology
By Penny Simpson, BA Hons Psych, MA Program School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada,
First published in: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Review, (1994) Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 6-23. (http://www.sfu.ca/~psimpson/kohutppr1.htm

Psychematters.com Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)
(http://www.psychematters.com/bibliographies/kohut.htm)

The Analytiv Press / SELF PSYCHOLOGY
(http://www.analyticpress.com/subjects.html#S15)

A VISUAL AND EXPERIENTIAL REPLICATION OF KEY CONCEPTS IN HEINZ KOHUT'S PSYCHOANALYTIC SELF PSYCHOLOGY
(http://www.sfu.ca/~psimpson/selfpsychology.htm)

Zurück zum Anfang